卷 10, 编号 2 (2020)

Information about the upcoming forum pediatric surgeons Russia, which will take place 22–24 October 2020.

A brief description of the professional way of one of the leading figures of pediatric surgery in Russia, a remarkable scientist and teacher Vadim Georgievich Geldt, who is 80 years old.

Information about the activities of Vladimir A. Fokin, who made a huge contribution to the integration of Russian traumatologists and orthopedists into the world professional community and the introduction of modern technologies of osteosynthesis into domestic medicine.

Introduction. Spina bifida is a severe malformation of the spine and spinal cord. Pathology of the hip joint in children with spina bifida has always been one of the most challenging pediatric orthopedic problems.

Purpose of the study. The aim of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of the duration of operations and hematological indicators of blood loss after performing osteotomy of the ilium and acetabuloplasty to treat children with herniated disc consequences in the presence of hip subluxation and dislocation. It also seeks to determine the safest surgical intervention.

Materials and methods. We observed and treated 60 patients aged 3–8 years with spina bifida with subluxation and dislocation of the hip. Patients were subdivided into two groups of 30 patients each, differing in the technique of performing the intervention on the pelvic component of the joint. The first group is represented by patients who underwent osteotomy of the ilium (52 joints) aimed to stabilize the hip joint. The second group comprised children who underwent acetabuloplasty (55 joints), another variant of intervention on the pelvic component of the joint.

Results. As our study shows, performing osteotomy of the ilium required significantly more time than acetabuloplasty (p = 0.0088 (p < 0.05)). In addition, performing osteotomy of the ilium was accompanied by a more pronounced decrease in the level of both hemoglobin and the number of blood erythrocytes than when performing acetabuloplasty.

Conclusion. Our study demonstrates that osteotomy of the ilium requires more time for its implementation. It is accompanied by a more pronounced decrease in hemoglobin and blood erythrocytes than acetabuloplasty. Therefore, we can conclude that acetabuloplasty is preferable in cases where the expected clinical result and the required degree of correction are comparable.

Background. Inguinal hernias in children are a common problem. They occur in 5–20 cases of 1000 newborns, with the prevalence in males of about 10 times. Therefore, they present a very important problem in pediatric surgery.

Materials and methods. This prospective study was performed from 2019 to 2020 and included 30 patients with diagnosed inguinal hernias. Video-assisted percutaneous hernia sac ligation was performed in all patients.

Results. The mean operating time was 10.3 ± 2.7 min in patients with unilateral inguinal hernias and 14.7 ± 1.6 min in patients with the bilateral variant. No complications or recurrences were observed during the six-month follow-up period. In one case, an additional 3 mm port setting was performed in an eight-month-old child. The main reason for doing this was the fibrous transformation of the parietal peritoneum because of the existence of incarcerations in the anamnesis.

Conclusion. This technique garners all the advantages of a minimally invasive surgical treatment of inguinal hernias using the Tuohy needle. However, the conductor application allows us to create the same approach using a Touhy needle. This means that we can perform an isolated hernia sac ligation without getting under the preperitoneal tissue ligature, parts of the internal oblique and transverse muscles, aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, and subcutaneous fat. This presented video-assisted percutaneous hernia sac ligation method seems like a potential minimally invasive way to treat inguinal hernias in children.

Background. Surgery under general anesthesia can affect the patient’s neurocognitive outcome. This problem is of particular relevance in pediatric surgical practice.

Goal. The aim of this study is to determine the spectrum of clinical manifestations and the frequency of cognitive dysfunction symptom development in children after adenotomy and/or tonsillotomy performed under general anesthesia.

Methods. This prospective study included 30 children aged 3– 7 years (average age 4.9 ± 1.3 years) who underwent adenotomy and/or tonsillotomy under general, combined, balanced anesthesia. In the preoperative period and a day after the operation, neuropsychological testing was performed: The Raven test, mechanical and associative memory test, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale adapted for children from 3 years old, and the Bourdon test. A 20% decrease in function compared with the initial level was considered clinically significant.

Results. One day after surgery, 10% of patients had a clinically significant decrease in attention productivity, 10% had a decrease in attention accuracy, 13.3% had a decrease in attention index, and 16.7% had a decrease in overall productivity and the attention index according to the Bourdon test. Also, 13.3% showed a decrease in attention, 30% had a decrease in memory on the MMSE scale, 20% showed a decrease in mechanical memory, and 10% had a decrease in test results on the Raven test.

Conclusion. Conducting even minor surgical interventions with general anesthesia leads to an impairment of various cognitive functions in 10%–30% of children aged 3 to 7 years.

Purpose. This manuscript aims to introduce errors and complications of diagnosis and treatment in children with anorectal malformations (ARM).

Methods. A retrospective analysis of 63 children with ARM treated at a single tertiary Speransky children’s Hospital.

Results. The patients’ ages ranged from 2 mo to 17 y. o. (median, 6 y. o.). The types of ARM included: rectourethral fistula 27%, rectoperineal fistula 17.5%, rectovestibular fistula 15.9%, rectobladderneck fistula 6.3%, no fistula 7.9%, cloaca 11.1%, “cloaca” with urogenital sinus and disorder of sex development 1.6%, pouch colon 1.6%, rectal stenosis 4.8%, anal duplication 3.2%, and rectovaginal fistula 3.2%. Of these patients, 76% underwent surgery earlier at another hospital (surgical treatment completed), 14% had stomas, and 10% did not have any prior procedures. The historical analysis showed diagnostic errors in 48% of children (untimely diagnosis, incorrect interpretation of the ARM variant, prolonged delay in anorectoplasty). Errors led to emergency procedures or changes in subsequent surgical treatment (further ostomy, excess bowel resection) in 22% of cases. After anorectoplasty (stenosis, mislocated anus/rectum, rectal prolapse), complications were detected in 56% of cases, whereas ostomy complications were observed in 5% of cases. Long-term problems after the surgical treatment (constipation, incontinence, and pseudoincontinence) were evident in 98% of children. Different surgical reconstructive techniques of the sphincter formation had been performed previously in 13% of patients. Moreover, they most often had spinal pathology as the cause of functional disorders. Only half of the children’s parents had information about bowel management, 38% did not follow the recommendations and usually had fecal impaction and pseudoincontinence. 45% of children/parents performed non-effective or irregular enemas and required corrective treatment.

Conclusion. It is recommended that Russian pediatric surgeons treat children with ARM, according to Russian pediatric surgeons’ guidelines consistent with international protocols to avoid errors and complications.

Introduction. Penile agenesis (aphallia) is an extremely rare congenital disorder. At present, about 100 cases of the anomaly have been described around the world. The incidence of this congenital anomaly is estimated to be one case per 20–30 million births. One of the most commonly used reconstructive procedures today is the technique proposed by Roberto De Castro in 2007. In this article, we present a clinical case of aphallia in a boy who underwent phalloplasty.

Materials and methods. A newborn boy presented with aphallia, combined with abnormal development of both kidneys. At birth, the child had difficult urination through the fistula at the edge of the anus. The meatotomy and urethral dilation were performed on the fifth day of the infant`s life. On day 28 of the child`s life, surgical intervention was performed to remove the left non-functioning kidney and a right cutaneous ureterostomy because of the recurrence of febrile urinary tract infection. At 13 months, the tissue expander was installed above the pubic bone. At 16 months, the child underwent the De Castro phalloplasty technique while in the supine position.

Results. The child was examined 3, 6, and 12 months after the surgical treatment. Phalloplasty has had good outcomes as evaluated by parents and surgeons. At present, the boy is under the supervision of urologists, who plan to perform further surgical treatment of the urinary system.

Conclusion. Phalloplasty, in the case presented, had a good cosmetic result. In our opinion, it proved to be the correct initial stage of treatment for aphallia, an extremely rare genital malformation.

Introduction. One of the most frequent pathologies in childhood is bursitis of the knee joint. Such conditions may occur in infectious pathologies, traumatic disorders, overuse syndromes, and other various pathologies. Diagnostic and treatment strategies depend on the cause of bursitis development. Particular attention should be paid to bursitis cases in newborns since the frequency of such pathologies is casuistic and clinical guidelines for treating patients in this age group are absent.

Materials and methods. A 26-day-old newborn arrived for consultation with complaints of knee joint pain and movement restrictions for four days. From five to 21 days of life, she has had in-patient treatment at another clinic because of pneumonia and a urinary tract infection. Intravenous and intramuscular injections of antibacterial drugs were prescribed for two weeks. The condition of the newborn was satisfactory upon consultation in our clinic. Her physical examination showed swelling and muscle tightness on the distal part of the thigh. The range of motion of the shinbone was restricted. Her blood test showed that her white cell count was unchanged. According to an X-ray examination of the knee, no pathology was detected. According to the US-examination, exudative suprapatellar bursitis was detected. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Nimesulid, was prescribed for seven days.

Results. Daily remote monitoring of the patient's well-being during treatment was performed. Movement restrictions reduced the swelling on day 3 of treatment. A follow-up blood test on day 4 of treatment showed no pathology. According to the follow-up US-examination after six days of drug therapy, no signs of bursitis were detected.

Conclusion. Inflammation of the suprapatellar bursa is a rare condition in newborns. In isolated cases of bursitis in children during the first year of life, a bacterial presence was noted, with the predominance of staphylococcal and streptococcal floras. However, in our opinion, there is a possibility of developing aseptic forms of bursitis in infants. In these cases, it may be prudent to refrain from prescribing courses of antibiotic therapy.

Objective. This article describes the first experience of using an oxygenated salt intestinal solution (SIS) in the complex intensive care of functional intestinal failure (FIF) developed due to pancreonecrosis in a child aged 10 years 11 months after a blunt abdominal injury and burdened with concomitant alimentary factor.

Complex treatment was aimed to eliminate increasing endotoxicosis, pain syndrome, suspected secondary ischemia of the affected organs of the pancreaticoduodenal zone, restoration of motor and barrier functions of the intestine. In this connection, adjustments were made to the early enteral nutrition and enteral correction method using an oxygenated salt enteral solution (with a description of the oxygenation method), which allowed for 12 h to eliminate intestinal paresis, with the production of stool. According to the intestinal lavage method, repeated use of SIR-RA led to the significant persistent improvement in the patient’s condition and a decrease in inflammatory markers, which subsequently allowed the transition to adequate enteral nutrition. The patient was subsequently transferred to a specialized surgical Department and discharged from the hospital, and recovered with no signs of endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Positive treatment results of a patient with pancreonecrosis complicated by FIF were made possible by improving intensive therapy tactics using an oxygenated salt enteral solution. The scheme of gradual enteral correction developed and used by us is an essential component of complex therapy of pancreonecrosis and functional intestinal insufficiency. The use of an oxygenated salt enteral solution helps to restore the main functions of the gastrointestinal tract.

Urination is a complex multicomponent process. Urinary disorders often lead to serious consequences on the urinary system, social maladaptation, and impairment of the quality of children's lives. Due to the large number of pathologies leading to these disorders and the involvement of several systems (for example, the nervous system in myelodysplasia), the doctor must be extensively knowledgeable and experienced in related fields. Surgical methods of urinary diversion have a long history. Surgeons worldwide have been trying to solve this problem for many decades, but it remains relevant and unsolved. The wide variety of urinary disorders has a correspondingly impressive number of types and options of surgical interventions. The goals of these surgical techniques are to correct the anatomical and clinical aspects of the disorders and assure the child’s socio-psychological adaptation. Surgeons must consider many factors such as all the pathogenetic nuances of an underlying disease, comorbidities, the child’s constitutional features, prospects for his or her social adaptation, the family home environment, parents’ willingness to and focus on long and challenging treatment. Based on these details, it is evident that urinary diversion in children is a multifaceted problem. It requires a very careful and individualized approach to each patient to ensure choosing the optimal treatment method in each case. This choice will affect many aspects of the child’s life, including his or her social adaptation, the ability to obtain an education and lead an almost normal lifestyle. The aim of this study is to review and systematize the accumulated knowledge on this subject.

The article discusses current approaches to anesthesia in providing vascular access in children in Russia and the framework of the existing problem and global practice. Several features of the child's body, such as small size, increased flexibility of the punctured vessel, expressed psycho-emotional and the child’s motor reaction to a potentially painful invasive procedure create significant additional difficulties in peripheral vein catheterization in children, especially at an early age, compared with adults. This fact until recently caused a high frequency of unsuccessful peripheral vein catheterizations in children and, as a result, a high percentage of punctures and central vein catheterizations, which in turn is associated with the risk of serious potentially life-threatening complications accompanying the puncture and catheterization of the latter. The article describes various, including non-pharmacological methods for inducing adequate sedation and analgesia during vein catheterization. The parents’ presence in the intensive care unit plays an essential role in non-pharmacological methods of child protection. It is a factor that reduces stress and psycho-emotional stress, both for the child and indirectly for the medical staff. Information from domestic and foreign sources on the use of various administration methods and various pharmacological drugs demonstrate the variety of approaches to solving this urgent problem. This article presents our research results showing the advantages of using a combination of methods and drugs that provide adequate anesthesia, expressed as an increase in successful peripheral vein catheterizations, the corresponding reduction in the unjustified number of central vein catheterizations, and the positive economic effect accompanying this dynamic.