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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">991</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic991</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Intraoperative methods for assessing blood loss: A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интраоперационные методы оценки кровопотери. Обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5217-4641</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4965-6597</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mezhevikina</surname><given-names>Valentina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Межевикина</surname><given-names>Валентина Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, anesthesiologist-resuscitator</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>mezhevikina.valentina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-3555</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4414-0677</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazarev</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарев</surname><given-names>Владимир Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med), Professor, Head of the Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой детской анестезиологии и интенсивной терапии, врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>1dca@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7861-6778</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5560-6679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhirkova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жиркова</surname><given-names>Юлия Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, anesthesiologist-resuscitator</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры детской анестезиологии и интенсивной терапии, врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>zhirkova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-10-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>371</fpage><lpage>381</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-08-09"><day>09</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/991">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/991</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Massive blood loss that develops during surgery is a common cause of life-threatening conditions and deaths in patients of any age.</p> <p>This study aimed to analyze domestic and foreign publications that present methods for determining the volume of intraoperative blood loss.</p> <p>The literature sources were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, eLibrary, and Russian Science Citation Index databases. The search was conducted in Russian and English using the following keywords: intraoperative blood loss, severity of blood loss, methods for assessing blood loss, direct methods, and indirect methods. The literature review included five articles from PubMed, nine from Scopus, six from Web of Science, two from MEDLINE, six from eLibrary, and four from Russian Science Citation Index.</p> <p>Massive blood loss is understood as a one-time loss according to some authors of &gt;30% and according to others of &gt;50% of the volume of the circulating blood or blood loss equal in volume to 2–3 mL/kg/min. Risk factors for the development of intraoperative complications such as massive blood loss are, in addition to surgical interventions, the features of surgical intervention, i.e., size of the incision, surgical duration, and anesthesia, which can increase blood loss. The intensity and degree of blood loss are very important in determining the indications for transfusion of blood components, replenishing the volume of circulating blood, and determining indications for intraoperative hemostasis, both medical and surgical. In neonates and young children, the risk of dangerous intraoperative blood loss is associated with anatomical and physiological features, i.e., a small volume of circulating blood and insufficiently mature compensatory mechanisms. In older children, a high risk of massive blood loss is associated with comorbidities, features of hemostasis, and use of drugs that slow down the blood coagulation process.</p> <p>To date, several methods are available for assessing intraoperative blood loss, but only a few are used in routine clinical practice. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. One of the main disadvantages is the complexity of the mechanisms for assessing blood loss, for example, weighing surgical materials or the patient before and after surgery, determining hemoglobin in the liquid after soaking the used surgical materials, and calculating indices using formulas. Most often, the assessment of blood loss is conducted according to the clinical picture (pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weak pulse, lowering blood pressure, etc.).</p> <p>The results of the literature analysis showed insufficient research on determining the volume of intraoperative blood loss in pediatric practice, as evidenced by the small number of published scientific papers and the complete absence of randomized trials. Thus, further study of this problem is necessary.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Массивная кровопотеря, развивающаяся на фоне хирургического вмешательства, становится частой причиной развития жизнеугрожающих состояний и летальных исходов у пациентов любого возраста.</p> <p>Цель исследования — проанализировать отечественные и зарубежные публикации, в которых представлены методики определения объема интраоперационной кровопотери.</p> <p>Проведен поиск литературных источников в базах данных PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, eLibrary, РИНЦ. Поиск проводили на русском и английском языках, по ключевым словам: интраоперационная кровопотеря, степень тяжести кровопотери, методы оценки кровопотери, прямые методы, непрямые методы. В обзор литературы были включены 5 статей из PubMed, 9 — из Scopus, 6 — из Web of Science, 2 — из MEDLINE, 6 — из eLibrary, и 4 статьи — из РИНЦ.</p> <p>Под массивной кровопотерей понимают одномоментную потерю, по данным одних авторов, более 30 %, а по данным других, более 50 % объема циркулирующей крови, или кровопотерю равную по объему 2–3 мл/(кг · мин). Факторами риска развития интраоперационных осложнений в виде массивной кровопотери являются, помимо оперативных вмешательств, особенности хирургического вмешательства — величина разреза, длительность операции, анестезиологическое обеспечение, которое может стать причиной увеличения объема потери крови. Интенсивность и степень оценки кровопотери очень важна для определения показаний к переливанию компонентов крови, для восполнения объема циркулирующей крови и определения показаний к проведению интраоперационного гемостаза, как медикаментозного, так и хирургического. У пациентов неонатального и раннего детского возраста риск опасной интраоперационной кровопотери связан с анатомо-физиологическими особенностями — малым объемом циркулирующей крови и недостаточно зрелыми компенсаторными механизмами. У детей старшего возраста высокий риск массивной кровопотери связан с сопутствующими заболеваниями, особенностями гемостаза и приемом лекарственных препаратов, замедляющих процесс коагуляции крови.</p> <p>На сегодняшний день существует большое количество различных методов для оценки интраоперационной кровопотери, однако в рутинной клинической практике применяют всего несколько из них. Каждый из методов помимо преимуществ имеет и недостатки. Один из главных недостатков — сложность механизмов проведения оценки кровопотери, например, взвешивание хирургических материалов или пациента до и после операции, определение гемоглобина в жидкости после замачивания использованных операционных материалов, расчет индексов по формулам. Чаще всего оценка кровопотери проводится по клинической картине (бледность кожи и слизистых оболочек, слабый пульс, понижение артериального давления и т. д.).</p> <p>Результаты анализа источников литературы показали, что вопрос определения объема интраоперационной кровопотери в детской практике изучен недостаточно, о чем свидетельствует малое количество опубликованных научных работ и полное отсутствие рандомизированных исследований, что делает необходимым дальнейшее изучение данной проблемы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transfusiology</kwd><kwd>intensive care</kwd><kwd>blood loss</kwd><kwd>massive blood loss</kwd><kwd>circulating blood volume</kwd><kwd>methods for determining the volume of blood loss</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансфузиология</kwd><kwd>кровопотеря</kwd><kwd>массивная кровопотеря</kwd><kwd>объем циркулирующей крови</kwd><kwd>методы определения объема кровопотери</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>интенсивная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pshenisnov KV, Aleksandrovich YuS. 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