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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2041</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic2041</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YCCLLS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the diagnostic value of biomarkers for predicting postoperative delirium in pediatric cardiac surgery: an observational study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка диагностической ценности биомаркеров для прогнозирования послеоперационного делирия при кардиохирургических операциях у детей: обсервационное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>评估生物标志物对预测儿童心脏手术后谵妄的诊 断价值：观察性研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-1642</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7708-9960</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкин</surname><given-names>Артём Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>aai-tema@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8370-3083</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2316-2287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoriev</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>Евгений Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Grigoriev</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>grigorievev@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>207</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-19"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-16"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2041">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2041</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Postoperative delirium in children with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass occurs in 22%–49% of cases and is associated with prolonged hospitalization and long-term cognitive impairment. The predictive value of serum biomarkers of neurovascular unit injury [S100-β protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] remains understudied.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To analyze the prognostic value of brain injury biomarkers (S100-β, NSE, and GFAP) in young children undergoing congenital heart defect repair with cardiopulmonary bypass and to develop a diagnostic panel for predicting postoperative delirium risk.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This prospective observational pilot study included 78 children (age 13 [9–23] months, body weight 8.7 [6.9–11.0] kg) after septal congenital heart defect repair with cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative delirium was diagnosed using the Cornell Assessment for Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) scale (≥ 9 points) within the first 24 hours postoperatively. Serum concentrations of S100-β, NSE, and GFAP were measured at three time points: preoperatively, immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass, and 16 hours after surgery. Statistical analysis included non-parametric tests, ROC analysis, and regression analysis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Postoperative delirium was detected in 19 patients (24.05%). S100-β levels after cardiopulmonary bypass were significantly higher in the delirium group (998.10 [781.11–1825.59] ng/mL vs 594.75 [449.00–850.55] ng/mL, <italic>p </italic>= 0.0031); NSE levels were also higher compared with the control group (42.65 [19.03–55.33] ng/mL vs. 24.25 [15.70–36.11] ng/mL, <italic>p </italic>= 0.0232). GFAP levels were elevated in patients with delirium at both post-cardiopulmonary bypass time points (<italic>p </italic>= 0.0202 and <italic>p </italic>= 0.0309). ROC analysis for S100-β (cut-off 822.375 ng/mL) showed sensitivity 0.684 and specificity 0.746; 0.579 and 0.763 for NSE (36.55 ng/mL); 1.0 and 0.271 for GFAP (0.1099 ng/mL). Red blood cell transfusion volume (35.35 mL/kg vs. 17.84 mL/kg, <italic>p </italic>= 0.0005) and body weight (<italic>p </italic>= 0.0164) were independently associated with postoperative delirium.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>S100-β and NSE have diagnostic value for predicting postoperative delirium in children after congenital heart defect repair with cardiopulmonary bypass. The developed three-marker panel enables risk stratification and timely implementation of neuroprotective strategies. Large multicenter studies are needed to validate these findings.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Послеоперационный делирий у детей с врождёнными пороками сердца после кардиохирургических вмешательств с искусственным кровообращением развивается в 22–49% случаев, ассоциируясь с пролонгированным периодом госпитализации и когнитивными нарушениями в долгосрочной перспективе. Прогностическая ценность сывороточных биомаркеров повреждения нейроваскулярной единицы [белок S100-β, нейрон-специфическая енолаза (NSE) и глиальный фибриллярный кислый белок (GFAP)] остаётся недостаточно изученной.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Анализ прогностической значимости биомаркеров повреждения головного мозга (S100-β, NSE, GFAP) у пациентов раннего возраста при коррекции врождённых пороков сердца в условиях искусственного кровообращения и создание диагностической панели для прогнозирования риска послеоперационного делирия.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В проспективное обсервационное пилотное исследование включено 78 детей (возраст 13 [9–23] мес., масса тела 8,7 [6,9–11,0] кг) после коррекции септальных врождённых пороков сердца в условиях искусственного кровообращения. Послеоперационный делирий диагностировали по шкале CAPD (≥ 9 баллов) в первые 24 ч после операции. Концентрации S100-β, NSE и GFAP определяли в трёх точках: до операции, после искусственного кровообращения и через 16 ч. Статистический анализ включал непараметрические методы, ROC-анализ и регрессионный анализ.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Послеоперационный делирий выявлен у 19 пациентов (24,05%). Концентрации белка S100-β после искусственного кровообращения были статистически значимо выше в группе с делирием (998,10 [781,11–1825,59] нг/мл против 594,75 [449,00–850,55] нг/мл, <italic>p</italic> = 0,0031); содержание NSE так же превосходило значения контрольной группы (42,65 [19,03–55,33] нг/мл против 24,25 [15,70–36,11] нг/мл, <italic>p</italic> = 0,0232). Содержание GFAP было повышено у пациентов с делирием в обеих постперфузионных точках (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0202 и <italic>p</italic> = 0,0309). По ROC-анализу для белка S100-β (точка отсечения 822,375 нг/мл) чувствительность составила 0,684, специфичность — 0,746; для NSE (36,55 нг/мл) — 0,579 и 0,763; для GFAP (0,1099 нг/мл) — 1,0 и 0,271. Объём трансфузии эритроцитов (35,35 мл/кг против 17,84 мл/кг, <italic>p</italic> = 0,0005) и масса тела (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0164) независимо ассоциировались с послеоперационным делирием.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> S100-β и NSE обладают диагностической ценностью для прогнозирования послеоперационного делирия у детей после коррекции врождённых пороков сердца в условиях искусственного кровообращения. Разработанная панель из трёх маркеров позволяет стратифицировать риск и своевременно применять нейропротективные стратегии. Необходимы крупные многоцентровые исследования для валидации результатов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>先天性心脏病儿童在体外循环下接受心脏外科手术后，术后谵妄发生率为22-49%，与住院时间延长和长期认知障碍相关。神经血管单元损伤的血清生物标志物 [S100-β蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE) 和胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)] 的预测价值仍研究不足。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>分析低龄患者在体外循环条件下矫正先天性心脏病时脑损伤生物标志物 (S100-β、NSE、GFAP) 的预测意义，并创建预测术后谵妄风险的诊断组合。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>前瞻性观察性试点研究纳入78名儿童（年龄13 [9-23] 月，体重8.7 [6.9-11.0] kg），均在体外循环下行间隔缺损先天性心脏病矫正术。术后谵妄根据 CAPD 量表（ ≥ 9分）在术后24小时内诊断。 S100-β、NSE 和 GFAP 浓度在三个时间点测定：术前、体外循环后和16小时后。统计分析包括非参数方法、ROC分析和回归分析。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>19名患者（24.05%）出现术后谵妄。谵妄组体外循环后 S100-β 蛋白浓度显著高于对照组（998.10 [781.11-1825.59] ng/mL 对 594.75 [449.00-850.55] ng/mL, p = 0.0031）；NSE 含量也高于对照组值（42.65 [19.03-55.33] ng/mL 对 24.25 [15.70-36.11] ng/mL, p = 0.0232）。谵妄患者在两个灌注后时间点的 GFAP 含量均升高（p = 0.0202 和 p = 0.0309）。ROC 分析显示，S100-β 蛋白（截断值822.375 ng/mL）的敏感性为0.684，特异性为0.746；NSE（36.55 ng/mL）为0.579和0.763； GFAP（0.1099 ng/mL）为1.0和0.271。红细胞输注量（35.35 mL/kg 对 17.84 mL/kg, p = 0.0005） 和体重（p = 0.0164）与术后谵妄独立相关。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>S100-β 和 NSE 对预测儿童在体外循环条件下矫正先天性心脏病后的术后谵妄具有诊断价值。开发的三标志物组合可对风险进行分层并及时应用神经保护策略。需要大型多中心研究来验证结果。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>congenital heart defects</kwd><kwd>postoperative delirium</kwd><kwd>cardiopulmonary bypass</kwd><kwd>cardiac surgery</kwd><kwd>neurovascular unit</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врождённые пороки сердца</kwd><kwd>послеоперационный делирий</kwd><kwd>искусственное кровообращение</kwd><kwd>кардиохирургия</kwd><kwd>нейроваскулярная единица</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>先天性心脏病</kwd><kwd>术后谵妄</kwd><kwd>体外循环</kwd><kwd>心脏外科</kwd><kwd>神经血管单元</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>251500329</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out at the expense of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No 251500329, https://rscf.ru/project/251500329/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 251500329, https://rscf.ru/project/251500329/)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The research was carried out at the expense of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No 251500329, https://rscf.ru/project/251500329/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Derbyshire E, Obeid R. 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