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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2019</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic2019</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MIOSDS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk assessment of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in children with septal heart defects undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: a cohort study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка риска ассоциированного с кардиохирургией острого повреждения почек у детей с септальными дефектами сердца, оперированных в условиях искусственного кровообращения: когортное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>体外循环心脏手术相关急性肾损伤在先天性心脏间隔缺损患儿中的风险评估：一项队列研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0806-6322</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6131-8581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balakhnin</surname><given-names>Dmitrii G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балахнин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Геннадьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Balakhnin</surname><given-names>Dmitrii G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>balakhnindm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-1642</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7708-9960</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкин</surname><given-names>Артём Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>ivkiaa@kemcardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7717-9856</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4999-1705</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strelets</surname><given-names>Polina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрелец</surname><given-names>Полина Вадимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Strelets</surname><given-names>Polina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zincpv@kemcardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-8732</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3195-7252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinitskaya</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синицкая</surname><given-names>Анна Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sinitskaya</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>siniav@kemcardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8370-3083</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2316-2287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryev</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>Евгений Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Grigoryev</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>grigev@kemcardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.F. Filatov Children's Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детская городская клиническая больница им. Н.Ф. Филатова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">N.F. Filatov Children's Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-06-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>179</fpage><lpage>193</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-26"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2019">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2019</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is the leading adverse event after heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. In most cases, AKI is transient and does not require aggressive treatment, including renal replacement therapy, and does not affect treatment outcomes. However, when it progresses to clinically significant manifestations, it leads to a complicated postoperative course and affects long-term outcomes. Current diagnostic criteria for CSA-AKI still fail to provide timely identification of children with early renal dysfunction. Therefore, the search for diagnostic and prognostic strategies for risk assessment and prevention of this complication is highly relevant.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To identify risk factors for AKI in children with septal heart defects after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and to evaluate their prognostic value.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A single-center cohort study included 67 children aged 6 to 36 months who underwent elective repair of a septal heart defect. In the postoperative period, the AKI diagnostic algorithm was supplemented by measurement of kidney injury biomarker concentrations (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and interleukin-18 (IL-18)) in serum and urine at three time points: 10 minutes after urethral catheter placement, before skin closure, and 16 hours postoperatively.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Postoperative AKI (KDIGO criteria) developed in 20 children (29.85%). Preoperative risk factors were younger age, lower weight, smaller body surface area, anemia, and ventricular septal defect. The most important intraoperative risk factors included cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, and weight-adjusted transfusion volume. A transfusion volume threshold of 13.763 ml/kg (AUC 0.719, 95% CI 0.560–0.877, Se 0.75, Sp 0.698, <italic>p</italic> = 0.006) was identified as a threshold for AKI risk with an optimal balance of safety and efficacy.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Risk factors for CSA-AKI in children with septal heart defects were identified. The major role of transfusion to CSA-AKI was determined, particularly as a modifiable factor and the efficacy and safety of a restrictive transfusion strategy were demonstrated. Threshold values for the most critical intraoperative risk factors were identified, allowing early risk stratification of children into AKI risk groups to guide intensive care strategy immediately after surgery. Given the small sample size and the absence of children with other types of congenital heart defects in this study, further multicenter research is required.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Ассоциированное с кардиохирургией острое повреждение почек (КХА-ОПП) — ведущее нежелательное событие после операций на сердце в условиях искусственного кровообращения. В большинстве случаев ОПП является транзиторным, не требует активной агрессивной, в том числе заместительной, почечной терапии, не влияет на исход лечения. Однако в случаях прогрессирования до клинически значимых проявлений приводит к осложнённому послеоперационному периоду и влияет на долгосрочные исходы лечения. Диагностические критерии КХА-ОПП по-прежнему не позволяют своевременно выявить детей с начальными проявлениями почечной дисфункции, поэтому поиск диагностических и прогностических стратегий оценки риска и профилактики данного осложнения является весьма актуальным.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Установить факторы риска развития ОПП у детей с септальными дефектами сердца после кардиохирургических вмешательств, выполняемых в условиях искусственного кровообращения, и оценить их прогностическую значимость.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Выполнено одноцентровое когортное исследование, включающее 67 детей в возрасте от 6 до 36 мес., которым выполнялась плановая коррекция септального дефекта сердца. В послеоперационном периоде алгоритм диагностики ОПП дополнялся оценкой концентрации маркеров повреждения почек [нейтрофильный желатиназа-ассоциированный липокалин (NGAL), молекула повреждения почки 1 (KIM-1), белок, связывающий жирные кислоты, печёночного типа (L-FABP), интерлейкин 18 (IL-18)] в сыворотке крови и в моче в трёх контрольных точках: через 10 мин после установки уретрального катетера, перед наложением кожных швов, через 16 ч после операции.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> У 20 детей (29,85%) развилось ОПП в послеоперационном периоде по критериям KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes — инициатива по улучшению глобальных исходов заболеваний почек). Предоперационными факторами риска развития КХА-ОПП были меньшие возраст, вес и площадь поверхности тела, анемия, дефект межжелудочковой перегородки. Наиболее важные интраоперационные факторы риска развития ОПП — длительность искусственного кровообращения и пережатия аорты, удельный объём трансфузии. Объём трансфузии 13,763 мл/кг (AUC 0,719, 95% доверительный интервал 0,560–0,877, Se 0,75, Sp 0,698, <italic>p</italic> = 0,006) определён в качестве порогового значения для риска развития ОПП, с оптимальным соотношением безопасности и эффективности.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Выявлены факторы риска развития КХА-ОПП у детей с септальными дефектами сердца. Установлен ведущий вклад трансфузии в развитие КХА-ОПП, с точки зрения возможности модификации, и доказана эффективность и безопасность рестриктивного подхода к трансфузии. Определены критические значения наиболее значимых интраоперационных факторов риска развития КХА-ОПП, позволяющие отнести ребёнка к данной группе риска, что выбирает путь интенсивной терапии сразу после операции. Учитывая малый объём выборки и отсутствие детей с другими типами врождённых пороков сердца в исследовании, сохраняется необходимость дополнительных многоцентровых исследований.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>心脏手术相关急性肾损伤（CSA-AKI）是体外循环心脏手术后主要的不良事件。多数情况下 AKI 是暂时性的，无需积极干预（包括肾脏替代疗法），不影响治疗结局。但进展至临床表现显著的病例会导致复杂术后病程并影响长期治疗结果。现行 CSA-AKI 诊断标准仍难以早期发现肾功能障碍初期表现，因此探索风险评估的诊断和预后策略及预防措施极具现实意义。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>确定先天性心脏间隔缺损患儿体外循环心脏手术后发生 AKI 的风险因素并评估其预后价值。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>开展单中心队列研究，纳入67名6至36月龄患儿行计划性心脏间隔缺损矫正手术。术后 AKI 诊断方案补充了三个时间点的血清和尿液肾损伤标志物检测（中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白 (NGAL)、肾损伤分子 1 (KIM-1)、肝脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白 (L-FABP)、白细胞介素 18 (IL-18)）：置入导尿管后10分钟、缝合皮肤前、术后16小时。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>20名患儿（29.85%）术后发生符合 KDIGO（改善全球肾脏病预后组织）标准的 AKI。CSA-AKI 术前风险因素包括较小年龄、体重和体表面积、贫血、室间隔缺损。最重要的术中风险因素是体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间、输血量。输血量13.763 ml/kg（AUC 0.719，95%置信区间 0.560–0.877，敏感性 0.75，特异性 0.698，p = 0.006）被确定为 AKI 风险的阈值，具有最佳安全有效性比。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>确定了先天性心脏间隔缺损患儿发生 CSA-AKI 的风险因素。证实输血对 CSA-AKI 发展的主要作用及可改性，证明限制性输血策略的有效性和安全性。明确了最重要术中风险因素的临界值，有助于将患儿归类为高风险组并为术后立即开展强化治疗选择路径。鉴于样本量小且缺乏其他类型先天性心脏病患儿，仍需进行多中心补充研究。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>congenital heart defects</kwd><kwd>cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>cardiopulmonary bypass</kwd><kwd>acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>acute kidney injury biomarkers</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врождённые пороки сердца</kwd><kwd>кардиохирургия-ассоциированное острое повреждение почек</kwd><kwd>искусственное кровообращение</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>острое повреждение почек</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры острого повреждения почек</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>先天性心脏病</kwd><kwd>心脏手术相关急性肾损伤</kwd><kwd>体外循环</kwd><kwd>风险因素</kwd><kwd>急性肾损伤</kwd><kwd>急性肾损伤生物标志物</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124041800039-2</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Comprehensive Program for Fundamental Scientific Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the fundamental research theme of the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases No. 0419-2024-0002 "Perioperative neuroprotective strategies in surgery for congenital heart defects," with support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of the national project Science and Universities. State registration No. 124041800039-2</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке комплексной программы фундаментальных научных исследований РАН в рамках фундаментальной темы НИИ КПССЗ № 0419-2024-0002 «Периоперационные нейропротективные стратегии в хирургии врождённых пороков сердца» при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках национального проекта «Наука и университеты». Номер государственного учёта в НИОКТР: 124041800039-2</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">This work was supported by the Comprehensive Program for Fundamental Scientific Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the fundamental research theme of the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases No. 0419-2024-0002 "Perioperative neuroprotective strategies in surgery for congenital heart defects," with support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of the national project Science and Universities. State registration No. 124041800039-2</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>LoBasso M, Schneider J, Sanchez-Pinto LN, et al. Acute kidney injury and kidney recovery after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. 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