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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1998</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1998</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ENVSCD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Diagnostic errors as a cause of preoperative complications in acute appendicitis in children: a case series</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Диагностические ошибки как причина дооперационных осложнений при остром аппендиците у детей: серия клинических случаев</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>诊断错误作为儿童急性阑尾炎术前并发症的原因： 系列临床病例</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8917-1399</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8070-4961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shangareeva</surname><given-names>Rosa Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шангареева</surname><given-names>Роза Хурматовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shangareeva</surname><given-names>Rosa Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>shanrosa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3935-7359</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6367-1025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nigametyanov</surname><given-names>Ruslan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нигаметьянов</surname><given-names>Руслан Анилович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nigametyanov</surname><given-names>Ruslan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nigametanovruslan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7106-0800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2771-6925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demina</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Витальевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Demina</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nastya27.01.99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6384-7088</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4234-7354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mambetova</surname><given-names>Azalea I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамбетова</surname><given-names>Азалия Ильгизовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mambetova</surname><given-names>Azalea I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>azalina131098@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6001-2889</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6900-7053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>Vasilisa D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалёва</surname><given-names>Василиса Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>Vasilisa D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vasilisa.lomakina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-0506</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4374-8493</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alibayev</surname><given-names>Aybulat K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алибаев</surname><given-names>Айбулат Касимович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Alibayev</surname><given-names>Aybulat K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>alibaev04@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9892-3257</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6504-0598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prudnikov</surname><given-names>Vadim B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прудников</surname><given-names>Вадим Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Prudnikov</surname><given-names>Vadim B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>prudnicov.bgu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Children's Clinical Hospital No. 17, Ufa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская детская клиническая больница № 17, Уфа</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">City Children's Clinical Hospital No. 17, Ufa</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>221</fpage><lpage>234</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-29"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-08"><day>08</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1998">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1998</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The rate of preoperative complications in acute appendicitis remains high, which may necessitate multiple surgeries.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To analyze the causes of preoperative complications related to diagnostic errors in children with acute appendicitis.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Of the 208 children admitted to the hospital with complicated acute appendicitis, 35 (16.8%) had preoperative complications attributable to diagnostic errors. Depending on the appendix location, patients were divided into four groups: typical right lower quadrant, subhepatic, retrocecal, and pelvic. Statistical analysis was performed to compare groups by time to initial examination and time to diagnosis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Before diagnosis was established, 35 children were examined by physicians 52 times; 14 were examined by multiple specialists, 9 by two physicians and 5 by three physicians. Most diagnostic errors (28, 80%) occurred with atypical appendix locations, including 8 subhepatic, 11 retrocecal, and 9 pelvic cases. The analysis identified the following causes of diagnostic errors: incorrect interpretation of Kocher's sign; altered clinical presentation after use of analgesics or antibiotics; over-reliance on pain in the right lower quadrant, muscle guarding, and peritoneal irritation signs during physical examination. Statistical analysis did not find significant differences between groups in time to initial examination or time to diagnosis.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Diagnostic errors occur more frequently at the pre-hospital stage with atypical appendix locations. This highlights the need for ongoing physician training in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Количество дооперационных осложнений при остром аппендиците остаётся высоким, что чревато необходимостью многократных оперативных вмешательств.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Проанализировать причины дооперационных осложнений при остром аппендиците, связанных с клинической диагностикой, у детей.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Из 208 детей, поступивших в стационар в стадии осложнения острого аппендицита, у 35 (16,8%) пациентов причины дооперационных осложнений связаны с диагностическими ошибками. В зависимости от локализации червеобразного отростка пациенты были разделены на 4 группы: типичная локализация в правой подвздошной области, подпечёночная, ретроцекальная и тазовая. Проведён статистический анализ различий между группами по времени первичного осмотра и до установления диагноза.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> До установления диагноза 35 детей осмотрены врачами 52 раза: несколькими специалистами — 14 пациентов, из них двумя врачами — 9, тремя врачами — 5 пациентов. Наиболее часто — 28 (80%) — диагностические ошибки допускались при атипичных локализациях червеобразного отростка, из них у 8 детей — подпечёночное расположение, у 11 — ретроцекальное, у 9 — тазовое расположение. Проведённый анализ показал, что причинами диагностических ошибок являются: неверная интерпретация симптома Кохера; изменившаяся клиническая картина после приёма обезболивающих и антибактериальных препаратов; при физикальном осмотре врачи в большей степени ориентируются на наличие боли в правой подвздошной области, мышечного дефанса и симптомов раздражения брюшины. Статистический анализ не выявил различий между группами по времени до первичного осмотра и времени до установления диагноза.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Диагностические ошибки на догоспитальном этапе чаще допускаются при атипичных локализациях червеобразного отростка. Это обусловливает необходимость в постоянном повышении квалификации врачей по особенностям диагностики острого аппендицита у детей.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>急性阑尾炎术前并发症的数量仍然很高，这预示着需要进行多次手术干预。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>分析与临床诊断相关的儿童急性阑尾炎术前并发症的原因。</p> <p><bold>方法。</bold>在208名处于急性阑尾炎并发症期入院的儿童中，35名（16.8%）患者的术前并发症与诊断错误有关。根据阑尾的位置，患者被分为4组：典型的右髂窝定位、肝下位、盲肠后位和盆腔位。对各组从初次检查到确诊的时间差异进行了统计分析。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>35名儿童在确诊前被医生检查了52次：由多位专家检查的有14名患者，其中由两位医生检查的有9名，由三位医生检查的有5名患者。28例（80%）的诊断错误最常发生在阑尾位置不典型的情况下，其中8例儿童为肝下位，11例为盲肠后位，9例为盆腔位。进行的分析表明，诊断错误的原因包括：对Kocher征症状的错误解读；服用止痛药和抗生素后改变的临床表现；医生在进行体格检查时更多地依赖于右髂窝疼痛的存在、肌卫和腹膜刺激征。统计分析未显示各组在首次检查前时间和确诊前时间之间存在差异。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>院前阶段的诊断错误更常发生在阑尾位置不典型的情况下。这决定了需要不断提高医生关于儿童急性阑尾炎诊断特点的资质。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute appendicitis</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>atypical appendix location</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый аппендицит</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>атипичные локализации червеобразного отростка</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>急性阑尾炎</kwd><kwd>并发症</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd><kwd>阑尾不典型位置</kwd><kwd>诊断</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rokitsky MR. 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