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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1930</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1930</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YFDANL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical treatment of complex pectus excavatum in children: a case series</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оперативное лечение детей со «сложными» воронкообразными деформациями грудной клетки: серия клинических случаев</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>复杂型漏斗胸患儿的手术治疗：系列临床病例报告</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4885-123X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9042-5092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stаlmakhovich</surname><given-names>Viktor N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стальмахович</surname><given-names>Виктор Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Stаlmakhovich</surname><given-names>Viktor N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>Stal.irk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-4468</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9210-5286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strashinsky</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Страшинский</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Strashinsky</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>Leksus-642@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6007-1298</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyukov</surname><given-names>Andrei A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дюков</surname><given-names>Андрей Анатольевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dyukov</surname><given-names>Andrei A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>duk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-7526</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3965-6284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muravev</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муравьев</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Muravev</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>muravev1999sergey@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0003-8792</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3415-9266</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrienko</surname><given-names>Anastasia P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриенко</surname><given-names>Анастасия Прокопьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dmitrienko</surname><given-names>Anastasia P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>AnDmitr2013@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8899-2571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koshkina</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кошкина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Станиславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Koshkina</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>koshkina@igodkb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутская государственная областная детская клиническая больница</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутская государственная медицинская академия последипломного образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-06"><day>06</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-19"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1930">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1930</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Pectus excavatum is the most common developmental defect of the anterior chest wall, occurring in children with a frequency of 1:300 to 1:1000. The widespread use of the minimally invasive and highly effective Nuss procedure for thoracoplasty has solved most of the problems inherent in previously applied treatment methods. However, there are particular deformities where the classical application of this method does not yield good cosmetic and functional results.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to analyze the results and demonstrate the technical approaches to thoracoplasty for complex forms of pectus excavatum.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Based on the analysis of experience of more than 600 operations over a 20-year period in children with pectus excavatum who underwent surgery using classical and modified Nuss techniques, 13 (2.2%) children with complex deformities were identified. They were divided into four groups: group 1, children aged 15–18 years with an absolutely rigid chest and grade III severity of deformity (p-5); group 2, children with asymmetric deformity and elements of hemithorax hypoplasia (p-4); group 3, children with connective tissue dysplasia and pectus excavatum manifesting from the first months of life, leading to severe impairment of respiratory and cardiac function by age 3–5 years (p-2); group 4, children with profound canyon-type deformity of the manubrium and body of the sternum (p-2). When treating patients in these groups, various surgical techniques complementing the classic Nuss procedure were used.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:<italic> </italic></bold>To achieve good results in children of the first group, transverse and longitudinal partial sternotomy with chondrotomy of the two most deformed ribs during thoracoscopy was added to the Nuss procedure. In group 2, the bar was positioned based on multidetector computed tomography data to determine the optimal location for the metal implant. Children in group 3 underwent surgery in two stages starting at age 5 years. In group 4 patients, correction was achieved using two bars. While surgery for typical pectus excavatum took 15–18 minutes, for complex forms it lasted approximately 30–40 minutes. Good long-term results with complete correction of the deformity were achieved in 12 of 13 patients.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Complex pectus excavatum in children is rare. Its correction requires an individualized approach to the timing of surgery, the number of metal implants used, and the points of their insertion into the chest.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Воронкообразная деформация грудной клетки — наиболее распространённый порок развития передней грудной стенки, который встречается у детей с частотой от 1:300 до 1:1000. Повсеместное использование малотравматичной, высокоэффективной технологии Nuss для торакопластики решило большинство проблем, присущих ранее применяемым методам лечения. Однако встречаются особые формы деформации, когда использование этого метода в классическом варианте не даёт хорошего косметического и функционального результата.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Анализ результатов и демонстрация технических подходов к торакопластике при «сложных» формах воронкообразной деформации грудной клетки.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> На основе анализа опыта более 600 операций за 20-летний период у детей с воронкообразной деформацией грудной клетки, оперированных по классической и модифицированной технологии Nuss, были выделены 13 (2,2%) детей, имеющих «сложные» деформации. Их разделили на четыре группы: группа 1 — дети в возрасте 15–18 лет с абсолютно ригидной грудной клеткой, имеющие III степень тяжести деформации (п-5); группа 2 — дети с асимметричной деформацией с элементами гипоплазии гемиторакса (п-4); группа 3 — дети с соединительнотканной дисплазией, воронкообразной грудной клеткой, проявляющейся с первых месяцев жизни, приводящей к тяжёлому нарушению функции дыхания и сердечной деятельности к 3–5-летнему возрасту (п-2); группа 4 — дети с глубокой деформацией рукоятки и тела грудины по типу «каньона» (п-2). При лечении пациентов этих групп применялись различные оперативные приёмы, дополняющие классическую технологию Nuss.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Для достижения хороших результатов у детей первой группы дополнением к Nuss-процедуре была поперечная и продольная неполная стернотомия, с хондротомией двух наиболее деформированных рёбер при торакоскопии. В группе 2 пластину проводили с учётом данных мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии для определения оптимального места для металлоконструкции. Детей из группы 3 оперировали в два этапа с 5-летнего возраста. У пациентов группы 4 коррекция достигалась при использовании двух пластин. Если операция при типичной воронкообразной деформации грудной клетки выполнялась за 15–18 мин, то при «сложных» формах она длилась около 30–40 мин. Хорошие отдалённые результаты с полной коррекцией деформации достигнуты у 12 из 13 пациентов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> «Сложные» воронкообразные деформации грудной клетки у детей встречаются редко. Для их коррекции необходим индивидуальный подход в выборе сроков проведения операции, количества используемых металлоконструкций и точек их проведения в грудную клетку.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。漏斗胸是最常见的前胸壁发育缺陷，在儿童中的发生率为1:300至1:1000。微创高效的Nuss胸廓成形术的广泛应用解决了传统治疗方法存在的大部分问题。但对于特殊类型的胸廓畸形，采用经典Nuss术式难以获得理想的外观和功能改善效果。</p> <p>目的。分析复杂型漏斗胸胸廓成形术的治疗结果并示范相关技术方法。</p> <p>方法。通过分析20年间600余例采用经典及改良Nuss技术进行漏斗胸矫正术的患儿资料，我们甄别出13例（2.2%）患有“复杂性”胸廓畸形的患儿。这些患儿被分为四组：第1组为15-18岁胸廓完全僵直且畸形程度达III级的患者（n=5）；第2组为伴有半胸发育不良要素的不对称畸形患者（n=4）； 第3组为罹患结缔组织发育不良、婴儿期即出现漏斗胸症状、3-5岁时已导致严重呼吸及心脏功能损害的患者（n=2）；第4组为胸骨柄与胸骨体呈“峡谷型”深度畸形的患者（n=2）。针对这些特殊组别，我们在经典Nuss技术基础上采用了各具特色的辅助手术方案。</p> <p>结果。为实现第一组患儿获得良好疗效，在Nuss手术基础上辅以横向及纵向部分胸骨切开术，并在胸腔镜下对两根变形最严重的肋骨实施软骨切开术。在第二组中，根据多排螺旋计算机断层扫描的数据进行了钢板固定，以确定金属植入物的最佳安放位置。第三组儿童从五岁起分两个阶段进行手术。第4组患者采用双钢板实现矫正效果。若典型漏斗胸手术需耗时15至18分钟，则“复杂”类型的手术时间约为30至40分钟。13名患者中有12人实现了畸形完全矫正的优良远期疗效。</p> <p>结论。儿童“复杂性”漏斗胸畸形较为罕见。因此，必须根据个体情况来确定手术时间、选择植入金属支架的数量以及确定其在胸腔内的固定点。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pectus excavatum</kwd><kwd>Nuss procedure</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>case series</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>воронкообразная деформация грудной клетки</kwd><kwd>операция Nuss</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>серия клинических случаев</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>漏斗胸</kwd><kwd>Nuss手术</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd><kwd>临床病例系列</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Janssen N, Daemen JHT, van Polen EJ, et al. 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