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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1879</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1879</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LBMQBF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Historical Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исторические статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">History of robotics in surgery</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>История робототехники в хирургии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>外科机器人技术发展史</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-897X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3682-0832</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Юрий Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>yuriherz@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-7384</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sapukhin</surname><given-names>Eduard V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сапухин</surname><given-names>Эдуард Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sapukhin</surname><given-names>Eduard V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sapukhin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-6687</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4600-4071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarochkina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарочкина</surname><given-names>Марина Валериевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Makarochkina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>makarochkina@igodkb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-4468</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9210-5286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strashinsky</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Страшинский</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Strashinsky</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>leksus-642@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9767-0454</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5668-4896</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchuk</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марчук</surname><given-names>Андрей Алексеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Marchuk</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maa-ped20@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-7600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4012-7120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhanski</surname><given-names>Alexander P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рожанский</surname><given-names>Александр Павлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Rozhanski</surname><given-names>Alexander P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alexanderozhanski@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk Children’s Regional Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детская областная клиническая больница, Иркутск</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Children’s Regional Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутская государственная медицинская академия последипломного образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children’s Regional Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детская областная клиническая больница, Иркутск</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Children’s Regional Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>571</fpage><lpage>582</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-20"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1879">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1879</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The pioneering projects aimed at integrating automated devices into surgical practice date back to the late 1960s. However, the transition from concept to a mass-produced product took nearly three decades. Today, the da Vinci platform (Intuitive Surgical Inc., USA) dominates the global medical community as a system for performing minimally invasive procedures. Importantly, its success was preceded by the development of earlier prototypes, including ZEUS, AESOP, ROBODOC, and the Green Telepresence System. Notably, the original purpose of these technological innovations was not commercial medicine but rather the provision of surgical care under field conditions, including battlefield settings. The research groundwork established with the participation of SRI International and the Advanced Research Projects Agency was later transferred to the private sector. The subsequent consolidation of multiple market players ultimately led to the formation of Intuitive Surgical Inc. This article reconstructs the complete chronology of the development of surgical robots. The methodology includes a meticulous analysis of archival data and scientific publications, as well as direct interviews with leading experts in the field of minimally invasive techniques. Such work is essential, as robotic interventions are currently evolving from an experimental approach into a widely accepted clinical standard, which necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the path already taken.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Пионерские проекты по интеграции автоматизированных аппаратов в работу хирурга относятся к концу 60-х годов прошлого века. Тем не менее путь от концепции до серийного продукта занял около трех десятилетий. Сегодня в глобальном медицинском сообществе доминирует платформа da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical Inc., США) — комплекс для выполнения малотравматичных операций. Важно отметить, что ее успеху предшествовало появление таких прототипов, как ZEUS, AESOP, Robodoc и Green Telepresence System. Любопытно, что исходной целью этих технологических разработок была не коммерческая медицина, а необходимость оказания хирургической помощи в полевых условиях, в том числе на поле боя. Научно-исследовательский задел, сформированный при участии SRI International и Агентства перспективных исследовательских проектов, впоследствии перешел в частный сектор. Консолидация нескольких игроков рынка в конечном итоге привела к созданию компании Intuitive Surgical Inc. В статье приведена реконструкция полной хронологии становления операционных роботов. Методология включает в себя скрупулезный анализ архивных данных и научных публикаций, а также прямые интервью с ведущими экспертами в сфере малоинвазивных методик. Подобная работа необходима, так как роботизированные вмешательства сегодня трансформируются из экспериментального метода в общепринятый клинический стандарт, что требует тщательного осмысления пройденного пути.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>将自动化装置引入外科医生工作的先驱性尝试可追溯至20世纪60年代末。尽管如此，从概念走向批量化产品的过程历时近三十年。当前，全球医学界占据主导地位的是da Vinci手术机器人平台（Intuitive Surgical Inc., 美国），该系统用于实施微创手术。需要指出的是，在其成功之前，已相继出现ZEUS、AESOP、ROBODOC以及Green Telepresence System等原型系统。值得注意的是，这些技术研发的最初目标并非服务于商业医疗，而是源于在野外条件下，尤其是在战场环境中实施外科救治的需求。在SRI International与Advanced Research Projects Agency参与下形成的科研基础，随后转入私营领域。多家市场参与者的整合最终促成了Intuitive Surgical Inc.公司的成立。本文重建了手术机器人发展的完整历史时间序列。研究方法包括对档案资料与科学文献的细致分析，以及对微创外科领域权威专家的直接访谈。开展此类研究具有重要意义，因为机器人辅助手术正逐步由一种实验性方法转变为公认的临床标准，这一转变过程需要对既往发展路径进行深入审视。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>robotics</kwd><kwd>robotic surgery</kwd><kwd>da Vinci</kwd><kwd>minimally invasive surgery</kwd><kwd>historical review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>робототехника</kwd><kwd>роботизированные операции</kwd><kwd>da Vinci</kwd><kwd>мини-инвазивная хирургия</kwd><kwd>историческая статья</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>机器人技术</kwd><kwd>机器人手术</kwd><kwd>da Vinci</kwd><kwd>微创外科</kwd><kwd>历史性研究</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Paul HA, Bargar WL, Mittlestadt B, et al. 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