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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1878</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1878</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Contemporary robotic surgical systems: A preliminary review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные роботические хирургические системы: предварительный обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>现代机器人外科系统：初步综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-897X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3682-0832</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Юрий Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-кор. РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>yuriherz@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-7600</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhanski</surname><given-names>Alexander P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рожанский</surname><given-names>Александр Павлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Rozhanski</surname><given-names>Alexander P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>alexanderozhanski@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-6687</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4600-4071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarochkina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарочкина</surname><given-names>Марина Валериевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Makarochkina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>m.makarochkina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-7384</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sapukhin</surname><given-names>Eduard V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сапухин</surname><given-names>Эдуард Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sapukhin</surname><given-names>Eduard V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>sapukhin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-4468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strashinsky</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Страшинский</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Strashinsky</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>leksus-642@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0340-1186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryakhina</surname><given-names>Anna O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ряхина</surname><given-names>Анна Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ryakhina</surname><given-names>Anna O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>romahka.yansa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9542-9390</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirzalieva</surname><given-names>Gyulnara E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирзалиева</surname><given-names>Гюльнара Эльшан кызы</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mirzalieva</surname><given-names>Gyulnara E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mirzalieva.gulnara@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9767-0454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchuk</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марчук</surname><given-names>Андрей Алексеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Marchuk</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>maa-ped20@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутская государственная областная детская клиническая больница</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутская государственная медицинская академия последипломного образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-19"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1878">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1878</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Robot-assisted surgery has emerged as the most transformative technological advancement in this field of medicine over the past two decades. Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the da Vinci robotic surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California, USA) in 2000, it has revolutionized minimally invasive surgery by shortening the learning curve and facilitating reconstructive steps in many procedures compared to conventional laparoscopy. Today, the da Vinci system accounts for approximately 80% of the global surgical robotics market. However, its high acquisition and maintenance costs remain a significant barrier for many hospitals, including those in the United States. As many of the original patents filed by Intuitive Surgical have reached their 20-year expiration, opportunities have arisen for the development of alternative systems. In addition to cost, common criticisms of the da Vinci system include limited communication between the surgeon and the operating team due to the closed-console design, lack of haptic feedback, rigid arm positioning, and the large physical footprint of the platform. Over the past decade, several new robotic systems have been introduced, some of which have been approved for clinical use. Each of these platforms incorporates key innovations aimed at addressing the technical and economic limitations of the da Vinci system. The entry of these systems into the market has effectively ended Intuitive Surgical’s monopoly. Although none of them is currently available worldwide, platforms such as Senhance, Versius, and Hugo RAS have gained traction primarily in Europe, whereas others—such as the KangDuo surgical robot, Toumai, Revo-I, and Hinotori—are used in China, South Korea, and Japan. Comparative evaluation of these systems against the da Vinci must account for several factors. Since its initial launch in 2000, five generations of the system have been developed: the original 2000 model, S, Si, Xi, and the fifth-generation model. Most of the systems reviewed here are still in their first generation and are expected to undergo further improvements and refinement. This review provides an overview of both well-established and emerging robotic surgical platforms, their distinct design features, clinical applications, and surgical outcomes. It covers widely used systems such as da Vinci, Senhance, Versius, and Hugo RAS, as well as less extensively reported platforms including Revo-I, Avatera, KangDuo, Hinotori, Dexter, and Chinese alternatives to the da Vinci system, notably the first domestically developed Chinese surgical robot, Toumai.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Робот-ассистированная хирургия стала технологической инновацией, оказавшей наибольшее влияние в этой области медицины за последние два десятилетия. С момента одобрения Управлением по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами США (FDA) в 2000 г. роботическая хирургическая система da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical, Саннивейл, Калифорния, США) кардинально изменила область минимально инвазивной хирургии, сократив кривую обучения и упростив реконструктивные этапы для многих хирургических процедур по сравнению с традиционной лапароскопией. В настоящее время система da Vinci занимает примерно 80% доли мирового рынка хирургической робототехники. Однако высокая стоимость и дороговизна обслуживания этой системы остается препятствием для многих больниц и в Соединенных Штатах. Поскольку многие из первоначальных патентов, поданных Intuitive Surgical, достигли 20-летнего срока действия, появилась возможность для производства альтернативных вариантов. Помимо стоимости, частые критические замечания в адрес системы da Vinci включают в себя сложную коммуникацию между хирургом и хирургической бригадой из-за закрытой системы консоли, отсутствия тактильной обратной связи, жесткости размещения рук и большого размера самой платформы. За последнее десятилетие на сцену вышло несколько роботических систем, некоторые из которых были одобрены для клинического использования. Каждая из этих систем обладает ключевыми характеристиками, которые были задуманы для устранения технических или стоимостных ограничений платформы da Vinci. Выход на рынок новых роботических хирургических систем положил конец монополии Intuitive Surgical. Хотя ни одна из этих систем пока не доступна в мировом масштабе, некоторые платформы, такие как Senhance, Versius, Hugo RAS получили распространение в основном в Европе, в то время как другие платформы, такие как хирургический робот KangDuo, Toumai, Revo-I и Hinotori, используются в Китае, Корее и Японии. При сравнении новых роботических систем с da Vinci необходимо учитывать несколько факторов. С момента ее первоначального одобрения в 2000 г. было создано 5 поколений системы: 2000, S, Si, Xi и 5. Роботические платформы, обсуждаемые в этом обзоре, находятся в своем первом поколении, и можно предвидеть, что в скором будущем они будут улучшены и оптимизированы. В обзоре представлены классические и новые хирургические роботические платформы, их индивидуальные особенности конструкции, а также результаты их применения и клинические результаты в области хирургии. Приведены описания таких распространенных роботических систем, как da Vinci, Senhance, Versius, Hugo RAS. Представлены системы с меньшим количеством опубликованных применений, включая Revo-I, Avatera, KangDuo, Hinotori, Dexter, а также китайские аналоги системы da Vinci, включая первый китайский робот Toumai.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>机器人辅助手术是过去二十年来对外科领域影响最为深远的技术革新之一。自2000年美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准Intuitive Surgical公司（美国加州森尼韦尔）开发的达芬奇（da Vinci）机器人手术系统以来，该系统彻底革新了微创外科领域，不仅显著缩短了学习曲线，也简化了众多外科操作中的重建步骤。目前，da Vinci系统在全球手术机器人市场中占据约80%的份额。然而，其高昂的购置与维护成本，仍是其在包括美国在内的众多医疗机构推广应用的主要障碍。随着Intuitive Surgical早期申请的多项专利已达20年期限，一批替代系统开始进入市场。除了价格因素， 人们对da Vinci系统的常见批评还包括：封闭式控制台导致术者与团队之间沟通困难、缺乏触觉反馈、机械臂摆放不灵活，以及整个平台体积较大等问题。近十年，多款新型手术机器人系统相继推出，并已有部分获得临床使用批准。每一款系统均在设计中引入关键特性，以应对da Vinci平台在技术或成本上的局限性。新平台的出现打破了Intuitive Surgical的市场垄断。尽管这些系统尚未在全球范围内广泛应用，Senhance、Versius、Hugo RAS等平台已在欧洲占据一席之地； 而KangDuo、Toumai、Revo-I和Hinotori等平台则在中国、韩国与日本投入使用。在比较新型系统与da Vinci时，需考虑多个因素。自2000年初次获批以来，系统已发展至第五代（包括2000、S、Si、Xi和最新一代）。本文所述的多种机器人平台仍处于第一代阶段，可预见在不久的将来将会得到改进与优化。本文综述了经典与新兴的外科机器人平台，介绍了其结构特点、应用成效以及相关临床数据，涵盖了如da Vinci、Senhance、Versius、Hugo RAS等主流系统，也包括如Revo-I、Avatera、KangDuo、Hinotori、Dexter及中国首个国产手术机器人Toumai等目前文献报道较少的平台。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>robot-assisted surgery</kwd><kwd>robotic surgical platforms</kwd><kwd>robots</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>робот-ассистированная хирургия</kwd><kwd>современные роботические платформы</kwd><kwd>роботы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>机器人辅助手术</kwd><kwd>现代机器人平台</kwd><kwd>机器人</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>McCulloch P, Checcucci E, Chow AK, et al. 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