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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1830</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1830</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Conservative treatment of children with traumatic ruptures of the spleen: results of 22 years of experience</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Консервативное лечение детей с травматическими разрывами селезенки: результаты 22-летнего опыта</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>二十二年儿童创伤性脾破裂保守治疗经验总结</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0563</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7722-5010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Podkamenev</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подкаменев</surname><given-names>Владимир В.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Podkamenev</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>vpodkamenev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-2735</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4885-4209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pikalo</surname><given-names>Ilia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пикало</surname><given-names>Илья А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pikalo</surname><given-names>Ilia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>pikalodoc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-6691</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5633-5491</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novozhilov</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новожилов</surname><given-names>Владимир А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Novozhilov</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>novozilov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1292</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1511-3402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karabinskaya</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карабинская</surname><given-names>Ольга А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Karabinskaya</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>fastmail164@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-3520</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1153-3175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>Nikolai I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>Николай И.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>Nikolai I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>mni.irk@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-0951</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9949-7707</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>Evgenii M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>Евгений М.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>Evgenii M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>emp1976@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9147-3309</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Latypov</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Латыпов</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Х.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Latypov</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>slavalat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1202-1127</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4915-5348</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moroz</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мороз</surname><given-names>Сергей В.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Moroz</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>moroszsv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7018-3007</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8185-7522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaltanova</surname><given-names>Dora Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халтанова</surname><given-names>Дора Ю.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Khaltanova</surname><given-names>Dora Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khaltanovad@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ivano-Matreninskaya City Children Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская Ивано-Матренинская детская клиническая больница</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ivano-Matreninskaya City Children Clinical Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>479</fpage><lpage>490</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-27"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-06"><day>06</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1830">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1830</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:<italic> </italic></bold>Conservative treatment options developed and tested over several decades prevent splenectomy, which leads to post-splenectomy hyposplenism associated with immunodeficiency and hematologic disorders. This article reviews 22 years of conservative management of traumatic splenic rupture, emphasizing the important role of organ preservation and minimizing surgical intervention.</p> <p><bold>AIMS:</bold><italic> </italic>The aim was to summarize 22 years of experience in the management of children with traumatic splenic rupture.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>This observational single-center prospective study was conducted from March 2002 to March 2024 at the Ivano-Matreninskaya City Children’s Clinical Hospital in Irkutsk. The medical records of 95 children with traumatic splenic rupture were evaluated. Conservative treatment was received by 83 (87.4%) patients and surgical treatment was received by 12 (12.6%) patients. The age of the affected children was 12 [8; 14] years, with 3.3 times more boys observed (73 vs. 22). For analysis, patients were divided into two groups: comparison group (<italic>n</italic> = 62; 65.3%) in the early treatment period (March 2002 to August 2012); main group (<italic>n</italic> = 33; 34.7%) in the late treatment period (September 2012 to March 2024). All children were followed for complications related to spleen injury. Comprehensive follow-up of patients after discharge ranged from 6 months to 15 years.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>Of the 95 patients, 2 (2.1%) underwent splenorrhaphy, 3 (3.1%) underwent laparoscopic exploration of the spleen, and 7 (7.4%) underwent splenectomy. Surgical treatment required prolonged combined antibacterial therapy for 13 [10; 16] days. If the spleen was removed after discharge from the hospital, patients were prescribed preventive vaccinations. A discriminant analysis was used to identify cumulative factors that influence the choice of surgical treatment in children with splenic rupture. Combined factors included low systolic blood pressure of 95 (70; 118) mm Hg (<italic>p</italic> = 0.002); tachycardia with heart rate of 105 [100; 120] beats per minute (<italic>p</italic> = 0.019); increased shock index of 1.1 [0.9; 1.57] (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001); blood loss at admission of 13% [6.3; 19] of the circulating blood volume (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001); maximum degree of blood loss of 2 [1; 3] (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001). When comparing the groups by duration of treatment, a statistically significant difference was found in the number of days spent in the Surgery Department: the duration of hospital stay was 12 [8; 14] days in the comparison group and 7 (7; 9) days in the main group (<italic>p </italic>= 0.001). Patients did not differ in terms of blood loss and hemodynamics. Recently, however, the number of surgeries for splenic rupture has decreased 2.6 times, from 16.1% to 6.1%. When evaluating immediate outcomes after splenectomy, it was found that 71.4% (<italic>n</italic> = 5) of the children had thrombocytosis on day 3–6 after surgery. After spleen removal, all children had an elevated ESR of 25 [23; 39] mm/h for 2 weeks. Long-term results showed that 57.1% of patients had frequent infectious diseases. No symptoms of hyposplenism were observed with conservative management.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>Conservative management of children with traumatic splenic rupture is safe and clinically effective. Non-surgical management can be used in 93.9% of cases. Based on the results obtained, the active use of conservative treatment options for traumatic splenic rupture in children is recommended as the preferred option, with an individualized approach to patient monitoring.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Консервативные методы, разработанные и апробированные на протяжении нескольких десятилетий, позволяют избежать спленэктомии, последствием которой становится синдром постспленэктомического гипоспленизма, сопровождающийся иммунодефицитом и гематологическими нарушениями. В данной статье мы рассматриваем 22-летний опыт консервативного лечения травматических разрывов селезенки, подчеркивая важность сохранения органа и минимизации хирургического вмешательства.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — обобщить 22-летний опыт лечения детей с травматическими разрывами селезенки.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведено обсервационное одноцентровое проспективное исследование в период с марта 2002 по март 2024 г. на базе Городской Ивано-Матренинской детской клинической больницы Иркутска. Анализировали истории болезни 95 детей с травматическим разрывом селезенки. Консервативное лечение получили 83 (87,4 %) пациента, хирургическое — 12 (12,6 %). Возраст пострадавших детей составил 12 [8; 14] лет, мальчиков наблюдалось в 3,3 раза больше (73 против 22). Для анализа пациенты были разделены на две группы: группа сравнения (<italic>n</italic> = 62; 65,3 %) — ранний период лечения (март 2002 – август 2012 г.); основная группа (<italic>n</italic> = 33; 34,7 %) — поздний период лечения (сентябрь 2012 – март 2024 г.). Осложнения, связанные с повреждением селезенки изучены в катамнезе у всех детей. Комплексное обследование пациентов после выписки продолжалось на протяжении от 6 мес. до 15 лет.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Из 95 пациентов у 2 (2,1 %) выполнена спленорафия, у 3 (3,1 %) — лапароскопия с ревизией селезенки, и у 7 (7,4 %) — спленэктомия. При оперативном лечении детям требовалась длительная комбинированная антибактериальная терапия в течение 13 [10; 16] дней. При удалении селезенки после выписки из стационара пациентам назначалась вакцинопрофилактика. При дискриминантном анализе выявлены совокупные факторы, влияющие на выбор в пользу оперативного лечения детей с разрывами селезенки. Совокупные факторы: низкое систолическое артериальное давление — 95 (70; 118) мм рт. ст., <italic>p </italic>= 0,002; тахикардия — частота сердечных сокращений 105 [100; 120] в минуту, <italic>p</italic> = 0,019; повышенный шоковый индекс Альговера — 1,1 [0,9; 1,57], <italic>p</italic> = 0,001; кровопотеря при поступлении — 13 % [6,3; 19] ОЦК, <italic>p</italic> = 0,001; максимальная степень кровопотери — 2 [1; 3], <italic>p</italic> = 0,001. При сравнении групп по периоду лечения выявлено статистически значимое различие по количеству койко-дней в отделении хирургии: в группе сравнения срок госпитализации составил 12 [8; 14] дней, в основной группе — 7 (7; 9), <italic>p</italic> = 0,001. Пациенты не отличались по показателям кровопотери и гемодинамики. Однако за последнее время количество операций при разрыве селезенки снизилось в 2,6 раза, с 16,1 до 6,1 %. При анализе непосредственных исходов после спленэктомии отмечено, что у 71,4 % (<italic>n</italic> = 5) детей выявлен тромбоцитоз на 3–6-е сутки после операции. После удаления селезенки в течение 2 нед. у всех детей отмечалось повышенное СОЭ 25 [23; 39] мм/ч. При исследовании отдаленных результатов у 57,1 % пациентов отмечались частые инфекционные заболевания. При консервативном лечении симптомов гипоспленизма не выявлено.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Консервативное лечение детей с травматическими разрывами селезенки безопасно и клинически эффективно. Неоперативное ведение возможно применять в 93,9 % случаев. В свете полученных результатов, мы рекомендуем активное использование консервативных методов лечения травматических разрывов селезенки у детей как предпочтительный вариант, с акцентом на индивидуальный подход мониторирования состояния пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>背景。</bold>在过去几十年中，发展和验证的保守治疗方法使得能够避免脾切除术，后者会导致术后脾切除综合征，表现为免疫缺陷和血液学异常。本文总结了对创伤性脾破裂保守治疗的22年经验，强调保留器官及减少手术干预的重要性。</p> <p><bold>研究目的。</bold>总结对儿童创伤性脾破裂的22年治疗经验。</p> <p><bold>材料与方法。</bold>本研究为单中心前瞻性观察研究，时间跨度为2002年3月至2024年3月，研究地点为Ivano-Matreninsky Children’s Clinical Hospital (Irkutsk)。分析了95例儿童脾破裂患者的病历，其中83例（87.4%）接受了保守治疗，12例（12.6%）接受了手术治疗。患者年龄范围为8至14岁，男性数量是女性的3.3倍（73例对22例）。根据治疗时间将患者分为两组：对照组（n = 62，65.3%）为早期治疗阶段（2002年3月-2012年8月）；主要组（n = 33，34.7%）为晚期治疗阶段（2012年9月-2024年3月）。所有患者的脾损伤相关并发症在出院后均进行了随访，随访时间为6个月至15年。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>在95名患者中，2例（2.1%）接受了脾修补术，3例（3.1%）接受了脾镜检查，7例（7.4%）进行了脾切除术。手术患者需要接受长达10至16天的联合抗菌治疗。脾切除术后，患者需接种疫苗预防感染。通过判别分析发现，以下因素是影响选择手术治疗的主要因素：低收缩压 [95 (70;118) mmHg]（p = 0.002）；心动过速 [心率105 (100;120) 次/分]（p = 0.019）；高阿尔戈夫休克指数 [1.1 (0.9; 1.57)]（p = 0.001）；入院时血容量减少 [13% ± 6.3]（p = 0.001）；最大失血等级 (2 [1; 3])（p = 0.001）。对照组患者平均住院时间为12至14天，而主要组为7至9天（p = 0.001）。最近10年，脾破裂的手术率下降了2.6倍（从16.1%降至6.1%）。脾切除术后，71.4%（n = 5）的患者在术后3至6天出现血小板增多，所有患者在术后2周内出现ESR升高（25 (23; 39) mm/h）。远期结果显示，57.1%的脾切除患者易患感染性疾病，而保守治疗患者未发现脾功能低下症状。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>保守治疗儿童创伤性脾破裂安全且临床有效。在93.9%的病例中，可选择非手术管理。基于本研究结果，建议在儿童创伤性脾破裂的治疗中积极采用保守治疗方法，强调对患者状况的个体化监测与管理。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spleen injury</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>conservative management</kwd><kwd>surgical treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>травма селезенки</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>консервативное лечение</kwd><kwd>оперативное лечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>脾损伤</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd><kwd>保守治疗</kwd><kwd>手术治疗</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenti MV, Luu S, Carsetti R, et al. 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