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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1820</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1820</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological aspects of surgical treatment for anal achalasia in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфологические аспекты хирургического лечения детей с анальной ахалазией</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>儿童肛门失弛缓症的手术治疗的形态学特征</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0447-0857</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8237-3130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnikova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесникова</surname><given-names>Надежда Георгиевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kolesnikova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD. Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD. Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>salut1973@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0126-3190</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7684-9637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svarich</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сварич</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Гаврилович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Svarich</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>svarich61@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5967-5340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moustafa</surname><given-names>Karim Ahmed R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моустафа</surname><given-names>Карим Ахмед Р.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Moustafa</surname><given-names>Karim Ahmed R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>kareemahmad81@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2140-4084</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1114-3151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Iskalieva</surname><given-names>Adela R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Искалиева</surname><given-names>Аделя Руслановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Iskalieva</surname><given-names>Adela R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>iskalieva.adelia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1025-7152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Martinez Salvador</surname><given-names>Guadalupe</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартинез Сальвадор</surname><given-names>Гаудалупе</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Martinez Salvador</surname><given-names>Guadalupe</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>dellsal2315@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7241-5782</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1378-9980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nabokov</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Набоков</surname><given-names>Виктор Владиславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nabokov</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>vn59@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6256-0669</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2460-4480</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnogorskaya</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красногорская</surname><given-names>Ольга Леонидовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Krasnogorskaya</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>krasnogorskaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-02"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-09"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1820">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1820</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The primary clinical manifestations of anal achalasia include constipation and, in advanced cases, overflow incontinence, which require differentiation from other conditions. Differential diagnosis between these conditions often depends solely on the histological examination results of the internal anal sphincter, which are insufficiently covered in the literature. Treatment options for pediatric anal achalasia include botulinum toxin injections, although sphincterotomy remains the most effective method. However, factors determining the efficacy of internal sphincterotomy, particularly related to histological features, remain poorly understood.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To analyze surgical outcomes and assess the condition of the ganglionic cells of the anal canal and rectum in children with anal achalasia.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> The study included 64 pediatric patients who underwent internal sphincterotomy involving excision and histological examination of a 4 cm × 1 cm segment of the underlying muscular layer (Lynn’s procedure).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>Positive clinical outcomes, characterized by daily bowel movements and resolution of overflow incontinence, were achieved in 39 patients. Conversely, 25 patients showed persistent constipation and/or overflow incontinence postoperatively. Histological examination revealed a significant increase in connective tissue within the internal anal sphincter. However, in patients with and without a positive outcome after internal sphincterotomy, the total number of neurons and interneurons at +3 cm and +5 cm from the anus was approximately the same. Rectal dilation persisted in 100% of patients with unsuccessful outcomes, whereas a reduction in previously dilated rectal diameter was noted among patients with successful outcomes.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Anal achalasia is characterized by at least a threefold reduction in neuron count within the internal anal sphincter compared to normal. However, surgical outcomes were independent of the total number of neurons and interneurons. A nonlinear relationship in the number of ganglion cells was identified in the resected segments of the internal sphincter muscle, with an increasing density from the distal to the proximal part. Persistent rectal dilation following Lynn’s procedure was inversely correlated with treatment efficacy in patients with anal achalasia who did not achieve a positive outcome.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Основные клинические проявления анальной ахалазии — запор и в далеко зашедших случаях инконтиненция переполнения, которые необходимо дифференцировать с рядом других заболеваний. Зачастую провести между ними дифференциальный диагноз позволяют только результаты гистологического исследования внутреннего сфинктера, которые недостаточно освещены в современной литературе. Для лечения детей с анальной ахалазией применяются инъекции ботулотоксина, но наиболее эффективным методом считается выполнение сфинктеротомии. Окончательно также не установлено, чем определяется эффективность применения внутренней сфинктеротомии при анальной ахалазии, включая данные гистологического исследования.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — анализ результатов оперативного лечения детей с анальной ахалазией и состояния ганглионарного аппарата заднего прохода и прямой кишки при данной патологии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В качестве критерия включения выбрали 64 пациента, которым проведено оперативное лечение — внутренняя сфинктеротомия с иссечением и гистологическим исследованием участка подлежащего мышечного слоя длиной 4 см и шириной 1 см (операция Линна).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> После проведенного лечения (операция Линна) положительный клинический результат с ежедневным стулом и исчезновением инконтиненции переполнения получен у 39 пациентов и отсутствие эффекта с сохранением запора и/или инконтиненции переполнения — у 25 пациентов. При гистологическом исследовании отмечено значительное увеличение количества соединительной ткани во внутреннем сфинктере заднего прохода. При этом у пациентов с эффектом от внутренней сфинктеротомии и с отсутствием эффекта от нее общее количество нейронов и интернейронов к тормозным нейронам на +3 и +5 см от ануса было примерно одинаковым. В группе пациентов с отрицательным результатом в 100% случаев сохранялось расширение прямой кишки. В группе пациентов с положительным клиническим эффектом в динамике уменьшился ранее увеличенный диаметр прямой кишки.</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> При анальной ахалазии количество нейронов во внутреннем сфинктере заднего прохода было снижено не менее чем в 3 раза в сравнении с нормой. Результат хирургического лечения анальной ахалазии не зависит от общего количества нейронов и интернейронов. Выявлена нелинейная зависимость количества ганглиозных клеток в удаленных участках мышечного слоя внутреннего сфинктера: по направлению от дистальной части к проксимальной их количество возрастало. Сохранение увеличенного диаметра прямой кишки после операции Линна в группе пациентов с анальной ахалазией и отсутствием положительного результата находится в обратной пропорциональной зависимости с эффективностью лечения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>肛门失弛缓症的主要临床表现为便秘，在疾病晚期可出现充盈性失禁，需与其他疾病进行鉴别诊断。然而，现代文献中关于内括约肌的组织学研究较为有限，而这对于明确诊断至关重要。 目前，肉毒杆菌毒素注射被用于治疗儿童肛门失弛缓症，但最有效的方法仍被认为是括约肌切开术。此外，目前尚未最终确定影响内括约肌切开术治疗效果的因素，包括组织学研究数据。</p> <p><bold>目的。</bold>分析接受手术治疗的儿童肛门失弛缓症患者的术后效果，并评估其肛门和直肠的神经节细胞状态。</p> <p><bold>材料与方法。</bold>研究共纳入64例接受手术治疗的儿童患者，均行内括约肌切开术，并切除4 cm长、1 cm 宽的深层肌组织（Linn手术），随后进行组织学检查。Linn手术后，39例患者取得良好临床效果， 表现为每日正常排便，充盈性失禁消失；25例患者术后仍存在便秘和/或充盈性失禁，疗效不佳。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>Linn手术后，39例患者取得良好临床效果，表现为每日正常排便，充盈性失禁消失；25例患者术后仍存在便秘和/或充盈性失禁，疗效不佳。组织学检查发现，肛门内括约肌中结缔组织显著增多。在术后疗效良好与无效的患者中，距肛门+3 cm和+5 cm处的神经元与中间神经元的总数基本相同。在术后疗效不佳的患者组中，所有病例均持续存在直肠扩张。而疗效良好的患者组中，术后直肠扩张情况有所改善。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>在肛门失弛缓症患者中，肛门内括约肌的神经元数量比正常水平减少至少3倍。手术治疗的效果与神经元和中间神经元的总数量无关。在切除的内括约肌肌层组织中，神经节细胞的数量呈非线性分布：从远端（远离直肠）向近端（靠近直肠）逐渐增加。在接受Linn手术但疗效不佳的肛门失弛缓症患者中，术后直肠扩张的持续存在与治疗效果呈负相关。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anal achalasia</kwd><kwd>internal sphincterotomy</kwd><kwd>Lynn’s procedure</kwd><kwd>ganglion cells</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анальная ахалазия</kwd><kwd>внутренняя сфинктеротомия</kwd><kwd>операция Линна</kwd><kwd>ганглионарные клетки</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>肛门失弛缓症</kwd><kwd>内括约肌切开术</kwd><kwd>Linn手术</kwd><kwd>神经节细胞</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Komissarov IA, Levanovich VV, Komissarov MI. 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