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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1812</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1812</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Diagnostic criteria for optimizing treatment tactics for children with traumatic splenic ruptures</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Диагностические критерии для оптимизации тактики лечения детей с травматическими разрывами селезенки</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>断标准用于优化治疗脾脏创伤性撕裂儿童的策略</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-2735</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4885-4209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pikalo</surname><given-names>Ilia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пикало</surname><given-names>Илья Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>pikalodoc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0563</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7722-5010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Podkamenev</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подкаменев</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>vpodkamenev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1292</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1511-3402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karabinskaya</surname><given-names>Olga  A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карабинская</surname><given-names>Ольга Арнольдовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>fastmail164@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-6691</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5633-5491</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novozhilov</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новожилов</surname><given-names>Владимир Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>novozilov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4481-6824</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6901-2748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milyukova</surname><given-names>Lalita P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Милюкова</surname><given-names>Лолита Павловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>imdkb@imdkb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>347</fpage><lpage>358</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-16"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-08-02"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1812">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1812</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Damage to the spleen is the leading cause of abdominal trauma in children. This often becomes the main indication for splenectomy. This article addresses concerns on the safety of conservative treatment of these injuries in children. Most studies have found that asplenization results in the complete loss of the immunological and hematological functions of the spleen. Thus, spleen-preserving surgeries are crucial to prevent post-splenectomy hyposplenism and associated life-threatening complications.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to develop a mathematical model using logistic regression to determine aggregate variables associated with the possibility of surgical treatment and identify safe shock index parameters for the conservative treatment of traumatic splenic ruptures in children.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> This prospective study included 91 patients with traumatic splenic rupture: 80 (87.9%) children received conservative treatment and 11 (12.1%) underwent surgical treatment. The age of the children was 11 (8; 13) years; there were 3.3 times more boys (70 versus 21). To assess the need for surgical treatment, an analysis of categorical variables was conducted using a mathematical model using logistic regression.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Increased shock index (β = −0.264 ± 0.083; t(86) = −3.191; p = 0.002) and the need for blood transfusion (β = 0.464 ± 0.089; t(86) = 5.218; p = 0.001) were cumulative factors associated with a high possibility of surgical treatment of splenic ruptures in children. With the combination of parameters of increased shock index and blood transfusion for surgical treatment, moderate sensitivity was determined at 85.7% (95% CI: 52.1–99.6; p = 0.001) and a positive predictive value at 75% (95% CI: 34.9–96.8). In the absence of these factors, the probability of conservative treatment of children with splenic ruptures reached 100% (specificity: 97.5%; 95% CI: 91.1–99.7; p = 0.001). When summarizing the identified parameters, the area under the curve was 0.941 ± 0.026 (95% CI: 0.872–0.980), and the assessment of the model’s suitability showed a positive test (χ<sup>2</sup> = 32.7; p = 0.264). In nonoperative treatment, the frequency of identified cumulative factors was 2.5% (n = 2). Safe shock index parameters for successful conservative treatment of splenic ruptures in children have been determined: SIPA &lt;1.1 (age up to 6 years), &lt;0.85 (7–12 years), and &lt;0.83 (over 13 years).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold><bold> </bold>An increased shock index and the need for blood transfusion are combined factors that determine the high probability of surgical treatment for traumatic ruptures of the spleen in children. In nonoperative treatment, the frequency of identified cumulative factors was 2.5%, which indicates a strong argument for justifying the safety of conservative therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> В структуре абдоминальной травмы у детей повреждение селезенки занимает ведущее положение. Это часто становится основной индикацией для проведения спленэктомии. Большинство исследователей установили, что последствием аспленизации становится полная утрата иммунологических и гематологических функций органа. Таким образом, сохранение селезенки является мерой первичной профилактики постспленэктомического гипоспленизма и связанных с ним жизнеугрожающих осложнений.</p> <p>Цель — разработать математическую модель методом логистической регрессии для определения совокупных переменных, ассоциируемых с вероятностью хирургического лечения, и определить абсолютно безопасные параметры шокового индекса для консервативного лечения травматических разрывов селезенки у детей.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведено проспективное когортное исследование, в котором анализировали данные 91 па циента с травматическим разрывом селезенки. Консервативное лечение получили 80 (87,9 %) детей, хирургическое — 11 (12,1 %). Возраст пострадавших детей составил 11 (8; 13) лет, мальчиков наблюдалось в 3,3 раза больше (70 против 21). Для оценки вероятности выполнения хирургического лечения проведен анализ категориальных переменных с использованием математической модели методом логистической регрессии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Повышенный шоковый индекс (β = –0,264 ± 0,083; <italic>t</italic>(86) = –3,191; <italic>p</italic> = 0,002) и необходимость гемотрансфузии (β = 0,464 ± 0,089; <italic>t</italic>(86) = 5,218; <italic>p</italic> = 0,001) рассматривали как совокупные факторы, связанные с высокой вероятностью хирургического лечения разрывов селезенки у детей. При совокупности параметров повышенного шокового индекса и гемотрансфузии для хирургического лечения определяется умеренная чувствительность — 85,7 % (95 % ДИ 52,1–99,6; <italic>p</italic> = 0,001) и прогностическая ценность положительного результата — 75 % (95 % ДИ 34,9–96,8). При отсутствии указанных факторов вероятность консервативного лечения детей с разрывами селезенки приближается к 100 % (специфичность 97,5 %; 95 % ДИ 91,1–99,7; <italic>p</italic> = 0,001). При обобщении выявленных параметров площадь под кривой составила 0,941 ± 0,026 (95 % ДИ 0,872–0,980), оценка пригодности модели показала положительную проверку (χ<sup>2 </sup>= 32,7; <italic>p</italic> = 0,264). При неоперативном лечении частота выявленных совокупных факторов составила 2,5 % (<italic>n</italic> = 2). Определены абсолютно безопасные параметры шокового индекса для успешного консервативного лечения разрывов селезенки у детей: шоковый индекс Альговера &lt;1,1 — возраст до 6 лет; &lt;0,85 — 7–12 лет, &lt;0,83 — старше 13 лет.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Исследование показало, что повышенный шоковый индекс и необходимость проведения гемотрансфузии являются совокупными факторами, определяющими высокую вероятность хирургического лечения при травматических разрывах селезенки у детей. При неоперативном лечении частота выявленных совокупных факторов составила 2,5 %, что служит сильным аргументом для обоснования безопасности консервативной терапии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>现实性。在儿童腹部创伤中，脾脏损伤占据主要地位。这常常成为进行脾切除术的主要指征。大多数研究者发现，脾切除的后果是完全失去该器官的免疫和血液功能。因此，保护脾脏是预防脾切除后低脾功能及其相关危及生命并发症的首要措施。</p> <p>目的。构建逻辑回归模型，以识别与儿童脾脏创伤手术治疗相关的变量，并确定绝对安全的休克指数参数，用于保守治疗。</p> <p>材料和方法。进行了前瞻性队列研究，分析了91名脾脏创伤患者的数据。其中，80名儿童（占87.9%）接受了保守治疗，11名儿童（占12.1%）接受了手术治疗。受伤儿童的年龄中位数为11岁（范围8至13岁）， 男孩的比例是女孩的3.3倍（70名对21名）。为了评估接受手术治疗的可能性，使用逻辑回归方法对分类变量进行了分析。</p> <p>结果。研究发现，高休克指数（β = –0.264±0.083；t(86) = –3.191；p = 0.002）和需要输血（β = 0.464±0.089；t(86) = 5.218；p = 0.001）是与儿童脾脏撕裂手术治疗高度相关的综合因素。结合这两个参数时，手术治疗的敏感性为85.7%（95% CI 52.1–99.6；p = 0.001），阳性预测值为75%（95% CI 34.9–96.8）。若无上述因素，儿童脾脏撕裂的保守治疗概率接近100%（特异性97.5%；95% CI 91.1–99.7；p = 0.001）。综合分析发现，曲线下面积为0.941±0.026（95% CI 0.872–0.980），模型适合性评估显示结果良好（χ² = 32.7；p = 0.264）。在非手术治疗中，发现的综合因素频率为2.5%（n = 2）。确定了成功保守治疗儿童脾脏撕裂的绝对安全休克指数参数：对于6岁以下儿童，休克指数应小于1.1；对于7至12岁儿童，休克指数应小于0.85；对于13岁以上儿童，休克指数应小于0.83。</p> <p>结论。研究表明，高休克指数和需要输血是决定儿童脾脏创伤手术治疗高概率的综合因素。在非手术治疗中，发现的综合因素频率为2.5%，这为保守治疗的安全性提供了有力的支持。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>abdominal surgery</kwd><kwd>spleen injury</kwd><kwd>nonoperative treatment</kwd><kwd>surgical treatment</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>абдоминальная хирургия</kwd><kwd>травма селезенки</kwd><kwd>консервативное лечение</kwd><kwd>хирургическое лечение</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babich II, Pshenichny AA, Avanesov MS, et al. 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