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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1566</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of titanium nickelide augments with the addition of silver nanoparticles for bone grafting: an experimental study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антибактериальная активность и биосовместимость аугментов из никелида титана с добавлением наночастиц серебра для костной пластики</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>用于骨移植且添加有纳米银粒子的钛镍化物的抗菌活性和生物相容性实验研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-3776</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5782-1443</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Semyon A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Семён Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Semyon A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>drborissovsa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-4579</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5368-0964</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordienko</surname><given-names>Ivan I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордиенко</surname><given-names>Иван Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gordienko</surname><given-names>Ivan I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>ivan-gordienko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9050-3629</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7466-8731</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsap</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цап</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tsap</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>tsapna-ekat@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-2766</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1192-6016</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baigonakova</surname><given-names>Gulsharat A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байгонакова</surname><given-names>Гульшарат Аманболдыновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Baigonakova</surname><given-names>Gulsharat A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>gat27@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4615-5270</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7116-2901</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchenko</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марченко</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Marchenko</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><email>89138641814@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3365-5997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Larikov</surname><given-names>Victor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лариков</surname><given-names>Виктор Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Larikov</surname><given-names>Victor A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>calibra1995@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">National Research Tomsk State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-04-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-04-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-11-19"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1566">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1566</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold><italic>:</italic> The relevance of this study was supported by the increasing number of infectious complications of bone augmentation in children and adults. Currently, porous titanium nickelide alloys are among the most preferred materials used in bone plasty. Despite the observable advantages of porous nickelide titanium alloys in terms of biochemical and biomechanical compatibility with the body, research on the antibacterial activity of alloys is ongoing to counter the development of infections at the implant–biological tissue border.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><italic>:</italic> To perform an experimental study of the biocompatible antibacterial surface in porous titanium nickelide alloys with the addition of silver nanoparticles.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold><italic>:</italic> Titanium nickelide alloys with 62% porosity were obtained using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method from nickel, titanium, and nanosilver powders at concentrations of 0.2 at.% Ag, 0.5 at.% Ag, and 1.0 at.% Ag, respectively. The experiment was conducted on nine sexually mature female white laboratory rats. They were divided into three groups, with three rats each. All animals were implanted with titanium nickelide along with porous granules of silver additives. The first group was the control, the second received 0.2 at.% silver, and the third received 0.5% silver. The standard method of incubating <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> in liquid broth in the presence of the studied images was used to determine bactericidal activity, followed by seeding on solid media and counting colonies.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><italic>:</italic> The antibacterial effect of the samples on <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> gradually increased with increasing silver concentration. The significance of the differences between the experiment and control was confirmed by Student’s criterion <italic>p </italic>&lt; 0.005, whereas the sample without silver nanoparticles and the control do not differ significantly. Thus, these alloys may have bioactive properties because they contain silver nanoparticles. An alloy with a silver concentration of 0.5 at.% Ag showed the best antibacterial activity to <italic>S. epidermidis.</italic> In the clinical evaluation of the results of the experimental study, purulent inflammatory complications were not observed in all animals at all times. On day 75, the animals underwent computed tomography, which showed good occupancy of the bone defect and absence of a dystrophic effect on the area where the bone and soft tissue are in contact with the material.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold><italic>:</italic> If the concentration of silver nanoparticles is increased up to 0.5 at%, the antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of the implant also increase. Clinical experimental evaluation in all groups of animals showed that osteointegration of alloys with 0.5 at.% Ag begins immediately after implantation and is completed 2 weeks earlier than that in the remaining groups.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность</bold>. Актуальность исследования обусловлена сохраняющимся числом инфекционных осложнений при аугментации костной ткани у детей и взрослых. В настоящее время одними из самых предпочтительных материалов для использования в костной пластике являются пористые сплавы на основе никелида титана (TiNi). Несмотря на очевидные преимущества пористых никелид-титановых сплавов с точки зрения биохимической и биомеханической совместимости с организмом, продолжаются исследования антибактериальной активности сплава с целью противодействия развитию инфекций на границе имплант – биологическая ткань.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — экспериментальное исследование биосовместимой антибактериальной поверхности у пористых сплавов никелида титана с добавлением наночастиц серебра.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Сплавы никелида титана пористостью 62 % были получены методом самораспространяющегося высокотемпературного синтеза из порошков никеля, титана и нанопорошка серебра с концентрацией 0,2 ат.% Ag, 0,5 ат.% Ag и 1,0 ат.% Ag. Эксперимент проводили на 9 половозрелых самках белых лабораторных крыс. Крысы были разделены на 3 группы по 3 особи, всем животным был имплантирован никелид титана с добавками серебра в виде пористых гранул. Первая группа — контрольная, вторая — с содержанием 0,2 ат.% Ag, третья — 0,5 ат.% Ag. Для определения бактерицидной активности использовали стандартный метод инкубации <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> в жидком бульоне в присутствии изучаемых образов с последующим высевом на твердые среды и подсчетом колоний.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Антибактериальное действие образцов в отношении бактерий <italic>St. еpidermidis</italic> постепенно усиливалось с увеличением концентрации серебра. Значимость различий эксперимента и контроля подтверждена критерием Стьюдента (<italic>р</italic> &lt; 0,005), тогда как образец, не содержащий наночастиц серебра, и контроль значимо не различались. Это свидетельствует о том, что данные сплавы обладают биоактивными свойствами за счет содержания наночастиц серебра. Cплав с концентрацией серебра 0,5 ат.% показал наилучшую антибактериальную способность в отношении <italic>St. еpidermidis</italic>. При проведении клинической оценки результатов экспериментального исследования отмечалось отсутствие гнойно-воспалительных осложнений у всех животных. На 75-е сутки животным проведена компьютерная томография, на которой отмечена хорошая заполняемость костного дефекта, отсутствие дистрофического эффекта в области контакта кости и мягких тканей с материалом.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Установлено, что с повышением концентрации наночастиц серебра до 0,5 ат.% увеличивается антибактериальная активность и цитосовместимость импланта. Клиническая экспериментальная оценка на лабораторных крысах всех групп животных показала, что остеоинтеграция сплавов с 0,5 ат.% Ag начинается сразу после имплантации и завершается раньше на 2 нед. по сравнению с остальными группами. Полученные данные указывают на перспективность дальнейших исследований этого вида аугментов по применению в различных областях травматологии и ортопедии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>现实意义</bold>。本研究之所以具有现实意义，是因为在儿童和成人的骨组织增强手术中，感染性并发症的数量一直居高不下。目前，多孔镍化钛（TiNi）合金是用于骨移植的首选材料之一。尽管多孔镍钛合金在与人体的生物化学和生物力学相容性方面具有明显的优势，但有关该合金抗菌活性的研究仍在继续，以对抗植入物-生物组织界面感染的发生。</p> <p>本研究旨在通过实验对添加纳米银粒子的多孔钛镍合金的生物相容性抗菌表面进行研究。</p> <p><bold>材料与方法</bold>。采用自蔓延高温合成法，利用镍、钛粉末和纳米银粉末（浓度分别为0.2原子%银、 0.5原子%银和1.0原子%银）制备了孔隙率为62%的钛镍合金。实验在9只性成熟的雌性白色实验鼠上进行。大鼠被分为3组，每组3只，所有动物都被植入多孔颗粒状的含银添加剂的镍化钛。第一组为对照组，第二组为0.2原子%银，第三组为0.5原子%银。为测定其杀菌活性，采用了标准方法，即在液体肉汤中培养表皮葡萄球菌，同时加入所研究的样品，然后在固体培养基上播种并对菌落进行计数。</p> <p><bold>结果</bold>。随着银浓度的增加，样本对表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌效果逐渐增强。实验与对照之间的差异经学生检验（P &lt; 0.005）证实具有显著性，而不含纳米银的样本与对照之间没有显著差异。这表明这些合金因含有纳米银粒子而具有生物活性特性。银浓度为0.5原子%的合金对表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌能力最强。在对实验结果进行临床评估时，发现所有动物均未出现化脓性炎症并发症。第75天，动物接受了计算机断层扫描，结果显示骨缺损填充良好，骨和软组织与材料接触区域无退行性影响。</p> <p><bold>结论</bold>。研究发现，当纳米银粒子的浓度增加到0.5原子%时，植入物的抗菌活性和细胞相容性都有所提高。在实验室大鼠身上进行的各组动物临床实验评估表明，含0.5原子%银的合金在植入后立即开始骨整合，与其他组相比，提前2周完成骨整合。所获得的数据表明，在创伤学和矫形外科的各个领域中应用这种类型的增强剂具有进一步研究的前景。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bone augments</kwd><kwd>titanium nickelide (TiNi)</kwd><kwd>silver nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>bone grafting</kwd><kwd>laboratory animals</kwd><kwd>experiment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>костные аугменты</kwd><kwd>никелид титана (TiNi)</kwd><kwd>наночастицы серебра</kwd><kwd>костная пластика</kwd><kwd>лабораторные животные</kwd><kwd>эксперимент</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>骨增强剂</kwd><kwd>镍化钛（TiNi）</kwd><kwd>纳米银粒子</kwd><kwd>骨移植</kwd><kwd>实验动物</kwd><kwd>实验</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozic KJ, Ries MD. 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