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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1296</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1296</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Acute paraproctitis and anal fistula in children: A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Острый парапроктит и параректальные свищи у детей. Обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>儿童急性直肠周炎和直肠瘘。文献综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-2517</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6121-5842</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyuzko</surname><given-names>Daria D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зюзько</surname><given-names>Дарья Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zyuzko</surname><given-names>Daria D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pediatric Surgeon</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>детский врач-хирург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Pediatric Surgeon</p></bio><email>das-yakoven@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8514-3080</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3478-8606</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербакова</surname><given-names>Ольга Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shcherbakova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of Surgical Department No. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, заведующая хирургическим отделением № 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of Surgical Department No. 1</p></bio><email>Shcherbakova_o_v@rdkb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская детская клиническая больница, Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-09-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>419</fpage><lpage>430</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-09"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-08-30"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1296">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1296</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Acute paraproctitis and pararectal fistulas are common diseases in infants and adolescents. To date, discussions are ongoing about whether to use conservative or surgical treatment options, their implementation, and the use of antibiotics during the perioperative period. The study is based on a literature review of treating children with this pathology. The databases in Russian eLibrary.ru and English Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched for literature sources. The following keywords were entered into the search: “acute paraproctitis”, “pararectal fistulas”, “fistulotomy”, and “fistulectomy.” There were 155 papers discovered, 51 of which were congruent with the purpose of our study and were evaluated. According to the data presented in the literature review, pararectal fistula is the outcome of acute paraproctitis in 20%–85% of cases. The cause of acute paraproctitis and pararectal fistulas in children is unknown. Imaging methods that allow you to identify all the hidden passages and characterize the relationship between the fistula and the anal sphincter play an important role in diagnosing pararectal fistulas. Cellular technologies are being used as a conservative treatment with established approaches. Incision and drainage are the preferred surgical procedures in treating acute paraproctitis, and fistulotomy is used in pararectal fistulas. Stem cell therapy is described as a promising treatment. Relapses of paraproctitis and/or the establishment of pararectal fistulas occur at a rate ranging from 0% to 85%. Such a large range may be related to the nature of the treatment and how fistulas are classified as relapses or complications. The recurrence of abscesses and anal fistulas is closely related to the type of surgical intervention. If the channel of the anal fistula is not identified and not dissected, the risk of recurrence is relatively high. Based on the findings of the data analysis, it is possible to infer that there is currently no single procedure for treating children with acute paraproctitis and pararectal fistulas. This explains the importance of performing randomized prospective studies to determine the best treatment strategies for children with this pathology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Острый парапроктит и параректальные свищи — частые заболевания у младенцев и подростков. До настоящего времени ведутся дискуссии в отношении выбора консервативного или хирургического методов лечения, сроков их проведения и использования антибиотиков в периоперационном периоде. Статья основана на анализе публикаций, посвященных лечению детей с этой патологией. Проведен поиск литературных источников в базах данных на русском языке eLibrary и английском языке Medline, Web of Science и PubMed. Для поиска были заданы ключевые слова: «острый парапроктит», «параректальные свищи», «фистулотомия», «фистулэктомия». Обнаружено 155 работ, из которых 51 имела полное соответствие цели нашего исследования и была подвергнута анализу. Приведенные в обзоре литературы данные указывают на то, что исходом острого парапроктита в 20–85 % является параректальный свищ. Этиология острого парапроктита и параректальных свищей у детей достоверно неизвестна. Значительная роль в диагностике параректальных свищей отдается методам визуализации, которые позволяют выявить все скрытые ходы и четко определить взаимосвязь между фистулой и анальным сфинктером. В качестве консервативного лечения, наряду с традиционными методиками, начато применение клеточных технологий. Из видов оперативных вмешательств разрез и дренирование можно считать методикой выбора при лечении острого парапроктита, а фистулотомия — при параректальных свищах. В качестве перспективной методики описано применение стволовых клеток. Рецидивы парапроктита и/или формирование параректального свища регистрируются с частотой от 0 до 85 %. Такой широкий диапазон может быть связан не только с характером проводимого лечения, но и с трактовкой обозначения свищей как рецидивов или осложнений. Частота рецидивов абсцессов и анальных свищей тесно связана с типом оперативного вмешательства — если канал анального свища не выявлен и не рассечен, риск рецидива достаточно высок. На основании результата анализа полученных в ходе исследования данных можно сделать вывод, что в настоящее время отсутствуют единые протоколы лечения детей с острым парапроктитом и параректальными свищами. Этим объясняется актуальность и необходимость проведения рандомизированных проспективных исследований для определения оптимальной тактики лечения детей с данной патологией.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>急性直肠周炎和直肠瘘是婴儿和青少年的常见疾病。迄今为止，一直存在与选择保守治疗还是手术治疗方法、实施治疗多少时间以及术前、术中和术后是否要使用抗生素有关的争议。本文基于对关于治疗患有这种疾病的儿童的出版物进行的分析。我们在俄文eLibrary和英文Medline、Web of Science和PubMed数据库中检索了文献资料。搜索关键词如下：“急性直肠周炎”、“直肠瘘”、“瘘管切开术”、“瘘管切除术”。共找到155篇出版物。其中51篇完全符合研究目的，并对其进行了分析。文献综述中提供的数据表明，20-85%病例中急性直肠周炎的后果是直肠瘘。儿童急性直肠周炎和直肠瘘的病因尚不清楚。影像技术在直肠瘘的诊断中发挥着重要作用，因为允许识别所有隐藏的通道，并清楚地确定瘘管与肛门括约肌之间的关系。作为一种保守治疗方法，除传统方法外，还开始使用细胞技术。在各类手术干预中，切开引流术可被视为治疗急性直肠周炎的首选技术，而瘘管切开术则被视为治疗直肠瘘的首选技术。干细胞的使用被认为是一种有前途的技术。据报道，直肠周炎和/或直肠瘘形成的复发率为0%至85%。这一广泛的范围可能不仅与所进行治疗的性质有关，还与将瘘管指定为复发或并发症的解释有关。脓肿和肛瘘的复发率与手术干预的类型密切相关。如果肛瘘通道未被识别及未被剖开，复发的风险就相当高。根据对研究中获得的数据进行分析的结果，我们可以得出结论，目前还没有治疗急性直肠周炎和直肠瘘患儿的统一方案。因此，有必要进行随机前瞻性研究，以确定治疗患儿的最佳策略。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute paraproctitis</kwd><kwd>pararectal fistulas</kwd><kwd>proctology</kwd><kwd>conservative treatment</kwd><kwd>fistulotomy</kwd><kwd>fistulectomy</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый парапроктит</kwd><kwd>параректальные свищи</kwd><kwd>проктология</kwd><kwd>консервативное лечение</kwd><kwd>фистулотомия</kwd><kwd>фистулэктомия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>急性直肠周炎</kwd><kwd>直肠瘘</kwd><kwd>直肠病学</kwd><kwd>保守治疗</kwd><kwd>瘘管切开术</kwd><kwd>瘘管切除术</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park J. 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