<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1267</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1267</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Efficiency of intravenous infusion of ketamine and lidocaine as part of multimodal analgesia in the postoperative period in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эффективность внутривенной инфузии кетамина и лидокаина в схеме мультимодальной аналгезии в послеоперационном периоде у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6089-9722</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3153-8025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazylev</surname><given-names>Vladlen V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Базылев</surname><given-names>Владлен Владленович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Chief Physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, главный врач</p></bio><email>cardio58@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8468-4806</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5450-6674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcheglova</surname><given-names>Klara T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щеглова</surname><given-names>Клара Тамирлановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anesthesiologist-intensivist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>klara-tamir@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-8010</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8970-1397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuprov</surname><given-names>Maxim P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупров</surname><given-names>Максим Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anesthesiologist-intensivist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p></bio><email>maks13chup@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0586-5671</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8965-1264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Magilevets</surname><given-names>Anton I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магилевец</surname><given-names>Антон Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care No. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий отделением анестезиологии-реанимации № 2</p></bio><email>citadel1943@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center of cardiovascular surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный центр сердечно-сосудистой хирургии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-09-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>361</fpage><lpage>370</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-20"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1267">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1267</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic> </bold>The improvement of multimodal anesthesia schemes is of clinical interest because of the possibility of reducing the doses of narcotic analgesics and the earlier mobilization of patients postoperatively.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold> To evaluate the efficiency of intravenous infusion of ketamine and lidocaine as adjuvants for multimodal analgesia in children aged &lt;1 year after cardiac surgery.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> A prospective single-center study included 122 children aged &lt;1 year, who divided into three groups: group 1, postoperative pain management included a combination of fentanyl and ketamine (<italic>n</italic> = 40); group 2 (<italic>n</italic> = 41), lidocaine infusion in combination with fentanyl; group 3 (<italic>n</italic> = 41), standard analgesia (fentanyl). The median ages at the time of surgery were 4.0, 4.5, and 4.0 months in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Anatomical, demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were analyzed before surgery and early after surgery.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold> The pain intensity according to the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale did not differ among the groups at any stage of the study. The average dose of fentanyl was twice as high in group 3 at 1.6 mcg/kg/h compared with 0.5 mcg/kg/h in group 1 and 0.6 mcg/kg/h in group 2. Group 2 had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation in an intergroup comparison. The side effects of lidocaine were not recorded, and hypersalivation was noted in 35% of the patients who were treated with ketamine.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS: </italic></bold>Ketamine infusion as an adjuvant to multimodal analgesia provides an adequate analgesic effect without a significant effect on hemodynamics and allows a reduction in the dose of opioids. The intravenous infusion of lidocaine as a component of multimodal analgesia after cardiac surgery in children has an additional opioid-sparing effect and reduces the mechanical ventilation time. The use of lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg/h is not accompanied by side effects.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Актуальность.</italic></bold> Совершенствование схем мультимодальной анестезии представляет клинический интерес ввиду возможности снижения доз вводимых наркотических анальгетиков и более ранней активизации пациентов в послеоперационном периоде.</p> <p><italic><bold>Цель</bold> </italic>— оценить эффективность внутривенной инфузии кетамина и лидокаина в схеме мультимодальной аналгезии у детей до года после кардиохирургических операций.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы</italic>.</bold> В проспективное одноцентровое исследование вошли 122 ребенка в возрасте до 1 года, разделенные на три группы: в первой группе (<italic>n</italic> = 40) послеоперационное обезболивание включало комбинацию фентанила и кетамина, во второй (<italic>n</italic> = 41) — инфузию лидокаина в комбинации с фентанилом, в третьей (<italic>n</italic> = 41) — стандартную аналгезию (фентанил). Медиана возраста на момент операции составила 4,0 мес. у пациентов первой группы, 4,5 мес. — во второй, и 4,0 мес. — в третьей. Проанализированы анатомические, демографические и клинико-лабораторные показатели у пациентов на дооперационном этапе и в раннем послеоперационном периоде.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты.</italic></bold> Интенсивность боли по шкале Neonatal Infant Pain Scale ни на одном из этапов исследования не отличалась между группами. Средняя доза фентанила была вдвое выше у пациентов третьей группы и составила 1,6 мкг/(кг · ч) против 0,5 мкг/(кг · ч) в первой группе и 0,6 мкг/(кг · ч) — во второй. Пациенты второй группы имели меньшую продолжительность искусственной вентиляции легких при межгрупповом сравнении. Побочных эффектов применения лидокаина зафиксировано не было, у 35 % пациентов, получавших кетамин, отмечалась гиперсаливация.</p> <p><bold><italic>Выводы.</italic></bold> Инфузия кетамина в качестве адъюванта мультимодальной аналгезии обеспечивает адекватный анальгетический эффект без значимого влияния на гемодинамику и позволяет снизить дозу опиоидов. Внутривенная инфузия лидокаина в качестве компонента мультимодальной аналгезии после операций на сердце у детей оказывает дополнительный опиоидосберегающий эффект и сокращает время искусственной вентиляции легких. Применение лидокаина в дозе 1 мг/(кг · ч) не сопровождается развитием побочных эффектов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lidocaine infusion</kwd><kwd>ketamine</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>multimodal analgesia</kwd><kwd>cardiac surgery</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфузия лидокаина</kwd><kwd>кетамин</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>мультимодальная аналгезия</kwd><kwd>кардиохирургические операции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sperotto F, Giaretta I, Mondardini MC, et al. Ketamine prolonged infusions in the pediatric intensive care unit: a tertiary-care single-center analysis. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(1):73–80. DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-26.1.73</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sperotto F., Giaretta I., Mondardini M.C., et al. Ketamine prolonged infusions in the pediatric intensive care unit: a tertiary-care single-center analysis // J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2021. Vol. 26, No. 1. P. 73–80. DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-26.1.73</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Wahba A, et al. Chronic postsurgical pain in patients 5 years after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Pain. 2017;21(3):425–433. DOI: 10.1002/ejp.918</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gjeilo K.H., Stenseth R., Wahba A., et al. Chronic postsurgical pain in patients 5 years after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study // European Journal of Pain. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 3. P. 425–433. DOI: 10.1002/ejp.918</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zozulya MV, Lenkin AI, Kurapeev IS, et al. Analgesia after cardiac surgery. Russian Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2019;(5):38–46. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology201905138</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зозуля М.В., Ленькин А.И., Курапеев И.С., и др. Аналгезия после кардиохирургических вмешательств // Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2019. № 5. С. 38–46. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology201905138</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazylev VV, Gamzaev AB, Shcheglova KT, et al. Fast-track strategy after the Fontan operation: analysis of the post-operation period, predictors of successful extubation. Children’s diseases of the heart and blood vessels. 2020;17(2):121–130. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.24022/1810-0686-2020-17-2-121-130</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Базылев В.В., Гамзаев А.Б., Щеглова К.Т., и др. Стратегия fast-track после операции Фонтена: анализ послеоперационного периода, предикторы успешной экстубации // Детские болезни сердца и сосудов. 2020. Т. 17, № 2. С. 121–130. DOI: 10.24022/1810-0686-2020-17-2-121-130</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaster M. Multimodal analgesia in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(10):851–857. DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328338c4af</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yaster M. Multimodal analgesia in children // Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010. Vol. 27, No. 10. P. 851–857. DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328338c4af</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobias JD, Berkenbosch JW. Initial experience with dexmedetomidine in paediatricaged patients. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002;12(2):171–175. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00805.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tobias J.D., Berkenbosch J.W. Initial experience with dexmedetomidine in paediatricaged patients // Paediatr Anaesth. 2002. Vol. 12, No. 2. P. 171–175. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00805.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moon TS, Smith KM. Ketamine Use in the Surgical Patient: a Literature Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(3):17. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-020-00930-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moon T.S., Smith K.M. Ketamine use in the surgical patient: a literature review // Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021. Vol. 25, No. 3. P. 17. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-020-00930-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lemming K, Fang G, Buck ML. Safety and tolerability of lidocaine infusions as a component of multimodal postoperative analgesia in children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2019;24(1):34–38. DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.1.34</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lemming K., Fang G., Buck M.L. Safety and tolerability of lidocaine infusions as a component of multimodal postoperative analgesia in children // J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2019. Vol. 24, No. 1. P. 34–38. DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.1.34</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batko I, Kościelniak-Merak B, Tomasik PJ, Kobylarz K. Lidocaine reduces sevoflurane consumption and improves recovery profile in children undergoing major spine surgery. Medical Science Monitor. 2020;26:e919971. DOI: 10.12659/msm.919971</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Batko I., Kościelniak-Merak B., Tomasik P.J., Kobylarz K. Lidocaine reduces sevoflurane consumption and improves recovery profile in children undergoing major spine surgery // Med Sci Monit. 2020. Vol. 26. P. e919971. DOI: 10.12659/msm.919971</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felker EYu, Zabolotsky DV, Koryachkin VA, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous infusion of lidocaine in children. Russian Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2021;2:50–55 (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology202102150</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фелькер Е.Ю., Заболотский Д.В., Корячкин В.А., и др. Эффективность и безопасность внутривенной инфузии лидокаина у детей // Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2021. № 2. С. 50–55. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology202102150</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park S, Choi AY, Park E, et al. Effects of continuous ketamine infusion on hemodynamics and mortality in critically ill children. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(10):e0224035. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park S., Choi A.Y., Park E., et al. Effects of continuous ketamine infusion on hemodynamics and mortality in critically ill children // PLoS ONE. 2019. Vol. 14, No. 10. P. e0224035. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heiberger AL, Ngorsuraches S, Olgun G, et al. Safety and utility of continuous ketamine infusion for sedation in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2018;23(6):447–454. DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-23.6.447</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heiberger A.L., Ngorsuraches S., Olgun G., et al. Safety and utility of continuous ketamine infusion for sedation in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients // J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2018. Vol. 23, No. 6. P. 447–454. DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-23.6.447</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvig P, Larsson E, Joachimsson P. Postoperative analgesia and sedation following pediatric cardiac surgery using a constant infusion of ketamine. J Cardiothorac Vasc Surg. 1993;7(2):148–153. DOI: 10.1016/1053-0770(93)90207-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvig P., Larsson E., Joachimsson P. Postoperative analgesia and sedation following pediatric cardiac surgery using a constant infusion of ketamine // J Cardiothorac Vasc Surg. 1993. Vol. 7, No. 2. P. 148–153. DOI: 10.1016/1053-0770(93)90207-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalili-Mahani N, Niesters M, Van Osch MJ, et al. Ketamine interactions with biomarkers of stress: A randomized placebo-controlled repeated measures resting-state fMRI and PCASL pilot study in healthy men. NeuroImage. 2015;108:396–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalili-Mahani N., Niesters M., Van Osch M.J., et al. Ketamine interactions with biomarkers of stress: A randomized placebo-controlled repeated measures resting-state fMRI and PCASL pilot study in healthy men // NeuroImage. 2015. Vol. 108. P. 396–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozbek H, Bilen A, Ozcengiz D, et al. The comparison of caudal ketamine, alfentanil and ketamine plus alfentanil administration for postoperative analgesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002;12(7):610–616. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00913.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozbek H., Bilen A., Ozcengiz D., et al. The comparison of caudal ketamine, alfentanil and ketamine plus alfentanil administration for postoperative analgesia in children // Paediatr Anaesth. 2002. Vol. 12, No. 7. P. 610–616. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00913.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dix P, Martindale S, Stoddart PA. Double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of the effect of ketamine on postoperative morphine consumption in children following appendicectomy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2003;13(5):422–426. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.01090.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dix P., Martindale S., Stoddart P.A. Double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of the effect of ketamine on postoperative morphine consumption in children following appendicectomy // Paediatr Anaesth. 2003. Vol. 13, No. 5. P. 422–426. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.01090.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller AC, Jamin CT, Elamin EM. Continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine for maintenance sedation. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011;77(8):812–820.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller A.C., Jamin C.T., Elamin E.M. Continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine for maintenance sedation // Minerva Anestesiol. 2011. Vol. 77, No. 8. P. 812–820.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Insler S, O’Connor M, Samonte A, et al. Lidocaine and the inhibition of postoperative pain in coronary artery bypass patients. Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 1995;9(5):541–546. DOI: 10.1097/00132586-199608000-00009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Insler S., O’Connor M., Samonte A., et al. Lidocaine and the inhibition of postoperative pain in coronary artery bypass patients // Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1995. Vol. 9, No. 5. P. 541–546. DOI: 10.1097/00132586-199608000-00009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson PN, Miller JL, Hagemann TM. Sedation and analgesia in critically ill children. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2012;23(4):415–434. DOI: 10.1097/NCI.0b013e31826b4dea</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson P.N., Miller J.L., Hagemann T.M. Sedation and analgesia in critically ill children // AACN Adv Crit Care. 2012. Vol. 23, No. 4. P. 415–434. DOI: 10.1097/NCI.0b013e31826b4dea</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subramaniam K, Subramaniam B, Steinbrook RA. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(2):482–495. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000118109.12855.07</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Subramaniam K., Subramaniam B., Steinbrook R.A. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review // Anesth Analg. 2004. Vol. 99, No. 2. P. 482–495. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000118109.12855.07</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
