<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1249</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1249</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dynamics of the testicle volume after scrotal and trans-inguinal orchiopexy in children aged 6–18 months</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика объема тестикул после скротальной и трансингвинальной орхиопексии, выполненных у детей в возрасте 6–18 месяцев</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-0169</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6300-3241</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kogan</surname><given-names>Mikhail I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коган</surname><given-names>Михаил Иосифович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med), Professor, Head of the Department of urology and human reproductive health with the course of pediatric urology-andrology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека с курсом детской урологии-андрологии</p></bio><email>dept_kogan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9311-3706</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6017-3765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Alexei G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Алексей Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pediatric Urologist-Andrologist of the uroandrology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач – уролог-андролог детский уроандрологического отделения</p></bio><email>lexxrgmu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-8671</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2155-5534</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sizonov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сизонов</surname><given-names>Владимир Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of urology and reproductive health with a course of pediatric urology-andrology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры урологии и репродуктивного здоровья с курсом детской урологии-андрологии</p></bio><email>vsizonov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Областная детская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-09-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>319</fpage><lpage>326</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-04-18"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-13"><day>13</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1249">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1249</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> Currently, scrotal and inguinal approaches are widely used for the treatment of low-positioned palpable forms of cryptorchidism. In the literature, available data demonstrate the comparability of the results obtained after using both techniques; however, the effectiveness reported in the literature was obtained based on rough criteria, such as the presence or absence of atrophy and malposition of the testis in the postoperative period.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold> To study the dynamics of the testicular volume in the postoperative period after performing scrotal and trans-inguinal orchiopexy.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic> </bold>The study was based on the experience of treating 139 patients with palpable unilateral, low-positioned testis, aged up to 18 months, who underwent surgery within the period from 2010 to 2020. The low-positioned ones were those testicles that, during traction, could be descended beyond the superficial inguinal ring; however, the testis did not descend into the scrotum. By mechanical sampling, the patients were divided into two groups. Group I included 69 (49.6%) boys (median age, 17 [15–17] months) who used scrotal access, whereas group II included 70 (50.4%) patients (median age, 15 [14–17] months) with trans-inguinal access. The volume of the undescended testis was determined in both groups before surgery and after 1, 3, and 12 months.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold> Patients who had testicular atrophy and malposition that developed after surgery, wound infection, and hematoma, and did not show up for at least one of the scheduled examinations were excluded from the study. After applying the exclusion criteria, 22 boys remained in group I and 29 boys in group II. The volume of a normal testicle before surgery was 2.09 cm<sup>3</sup> [1.25; 2.58] group I and 1.69 cm<sup>3</sup> [1.41; 2.22] in group II (<italic>p</italic> = 0.537). In group I, a significant increase was found in the testicular volume from 0.5 cm<sup>3</sup> [0.4; 0.8] before surgery to 1.3 cm<sup>3</sup> [0.7; 1.8] (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) a year after orchiopexy. In group II, the testicular volume increased from 0.6 cm<sup>3</sup> [0.3; 0.8] before surgery to 0.7 cm<sup>3</sup> [0.4; 1.0] after surgery.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS:</italic></bold> Scrotal access in the treatment of a palpable, low-positioned undescended testis in children aged 6–18 months provides a greater increase in the volume of the operated testicle in a year compared with trans-inguinal access 1 year after surgery. The results suggest that transcrotal access has some advantages over trans-inguinal access.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Актуальность.</italic></bold> В настоящее время для лечения низкорасположенных пальпируемых форм крипторхизма широко используется мошоночный и паховый доступы. Существующие в литературе данные демонстрируют сопоставимость получаемых результатов после использования обеих методик, однако сравнение их эффективности проводилось на основании достаточно грубых критериев, таких как наличие или отсутствие атрофии и мальпозиции яичка в послеоперационном периоде.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> — изучение динамики тестикулярного объема в послеоперационном периоде после выполнения скротальной и трансингвинальной орхиопексии.</p> <p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> </italic>Исследование основано на опыте лечения 139 пациентов с пальпируемыми односторонними, низкорасположенными яичками, в возрасте от 6 до 18 мес., оперированных в период 2010–2020 гг. К низкорасположенным яичкам относили те, которые при тракции можно было низвести за пределы поверхностного пахового кольца, но при этом яичко не опускалось в полость мошонки. Путем механической выборки пациенты были разделены на две группы. В I группу вошли 69 (49,6 %) мальчиков, медиана возраста 17 [15; 17] мес., у которых использован скротальный доступ, II группа — 70 (50,4 %) пациентов с трансингвинальным доступом, медиана возраста 15 [14; 17] мес. Объем неопущенного яичка определяли в обеих группах до операции и через 1, 3, 12 мес. после.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold>Из исследования исключены пациенты с развившейся после операции атрофией и мальпозицией яичка, раневой инфекцией, гематомой, а также пациенты, не явившиеся хотя бы на один из запланированных осмотров.</p> <p>После применения критериев исключения в I группе осталось 22, а во II группе — 29 мальчиков. Объем здорового яичка до операции у пациентов I группы составлял 2,09 см<sup>3</sup> [1,25; 2,58], II группы — 1,69 см<sup>3</sup> [1,41; 2,22] (<italic>p</italic> = 0,537). У пациентов I группы через год после орхиопексии отмечалось значимое увеличение тестикулярного объема с 0,5 см<sup>3</sup> [0,4; 0,8] до 1,3 см<sup>3</sup> [0,7; 1,8] (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). У детей II группы тестикулярный объем после операции увеличился с 0,6 см<sup>3</sup> [0,3; 0,8] до 0,7 см<sup>3</sup> [0,4; 1,0].</p> <p><bold><italic>Выводы.</italic></bold> Скротальный доступ при лечении пальпируемых, низкорасположенных неопущенных яичек у детей в возрасте от 6 до 18 мес. обеспечивает через год большее увеличение объема оперированной тестикулы, в сравнении с трансингвинальным доступом через год после операции. Полученные результаты позволяют предположить, что трансскротальный доступ обладает некоторыми преимуществами по сравнению с трансингвинальным.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryptorchidism</kwd><kwd>orchiopexy</kwd><kwd>scrotal access</kwd><kwd>inguinal access</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>крипторхизм</kwd><kwd>орхиопексия</kwd><kwd>скротальный доступ</kwd><kwd>трансингвинальный доступ</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cobellis G, Noviello C, Nino F, et al. Spermatogenesis and cryptorchidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:63. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00063</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobellis G., Noviello C., Nino F., et al. Spermatogenesis and cryptorchidism // Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014. Vol. 5. P. 63. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00063</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sijstermans K, Hack WW, Meijer RW, et al. The frequency of undescended testis from birth to adulthood: a review. Int J Androl. 2008;31(1):1–11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00770.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sijstermans K., Hack W.W., Meijer R.W., et al. The frequency of undescended testis from birth to adulthood: a review // Int J Androl. 2008. Vol. 31, No. 1. P. 1–11. DOI.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00770.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Detskaja hirurgija: Nacionalnoe rukovodstvo / pod red. ch.-kor. RAN A.Ju. Razumovskogo. 2-e izd., dop. i pererab. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2021. P. 670–671. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российская ассоциация детских хирургов. Детская хирургия: Национальное руководство / под ред. чл.-кор. РАН А.Ю. Разумовского. 2-е изд., доп. и перераб. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2021. С. 670–671.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin J, Jeon GW. Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(11):415–421. DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.01438</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin J., Jeon G.W. Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis // Clinical and experimental pediatrics. 2020. Vol. 63, No. 11. P. 415–421. DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.01438</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Villanueva CA. Cryptorchidism. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leslie S.W., Sajjad H., Villanueva C.A. Cryptorchidism. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bianchi A. and Squire BR. Transscrotal orchidopexy: orchidopexy revised. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;(4):189–192. DOI: 10.1007/BF00181983</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bianchi A., Squire B.R. Transscrotal orchidopexy: orchidopexy revised // Pediatr Surg. 1989. Vol. 4, P. 189–192. DOI: 10.1007/BF00181983</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kogan MI, Makarov AG, Sizonov VV, et al. The results of using the original technique of testicular fixation with transscrotal approach in the surgery of cryptorchidism in children. Experimental and Clinical Urology. 2021;14(1):151–155. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.29188/2222-8543-2021-14-1-151-155</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коган М.И., Макаров А.Г., Сизонов В.В., и др. Результаты использования оригинальной техники фиксации яичка при трансскротальном доступе в хирургии крипторхизма у детей // Экспериментальная и клиническая урология. 2021. Т. 14, № 1. С. 151–155. DOI: 10.29188/2222-8543-2021-14-1-151-155</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sotos JF, Tokar NJ. Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017;7. DOI: 10.1186/s13633-017-0046-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sotos J.F., Tokar N.J. Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development // Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017. No. 7. DOI: 10.1186/s13633-017-0046-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alam A, Delto JC, Blachman-Braun R, et al. Staged fowler-stephens and single-stage laparoscopic orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testes: is there a difference? A single institution experience. Urology. 2017;101:104–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.09.060</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alam A., Delto J.C., Blachman-Braun R., et al. Staged fowler-stephens and single-stage laparoscopic orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testes: is there a difference? A single institution experience // Urology. 2017. Vol. 101. P.104–110. DOI:10.1016/j.urology.2016.09.060</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Boisen KA, Boas M, et al. Acquired cryptorchidism is frequent in infancy and childhood. Int J Androl. 2009;32(4):423–428. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00946.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wohlfahrt-Veje C., Boisen K.A., Boas M., et al. Acquired cryptorchidism is frequent in infancy and childhood // Int J Androl. 2009. Vol. 32, No. 4. P 423–428. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00946.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sizonov VV, Azashikov AH, Kogan MI. Did the choice of surgical approach for the treatment of children’s cryptorchism change? Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2013;(1):42–44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сизонов В.В., Азашиков А.Х., Коган М.И. Изменился ли подход к выбору хирургического доступа при оперативном лечении крипторхизма у детей? // Детская хирургия. 2013. № 1. С. 42–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akramov NR, Sizonov VV, Isroilov AA. Transskrotal’naya orkhopeksiya pri pakhovykh formakh dvukhstoronnego kriptorkhizma. Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2020;10(S):13. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акрамов Н.Р., Сизонов В.В., Исроилов А.А. Трансскротальная орхопексия при паховых формах двухстороннего крипторхизма // Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2020. Т. 10, № S. C. 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savchuk MO, Pyattoev YuG. Through scrotal access when cryptorchidism in children. Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2012;2(3):51–53. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савчук М.О., Пяттоев Ю.Г. Трансскротальный доступ при крипторхизме у детей // Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2012. Т. 2, № 3. С. 51–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Mandil M, Khoury AE, El-Hout Y, et al. Potential complications with the prescrotal approach for the palpable undescended testis? A comparison of single prescrotal incision to the traditional inguinal approach. J Urol. 2008;180(2):686–689. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Mandil M., Khoury A.E., El-Hout Y., et al. Potential complications with the prescrotal approach for the palpable undescended testis? A comparison of single prescrotal incision to the traditional inguinal approach // J Urol. 2008. Vol. 180, No. 2. P. 686–689. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russinko PJ, Siddiq FM, Tackett LD, Caldamone AA. Prescrotal orchiopexy: an alternative surgical approach for the palpable undescended testis. J Urol. 2003;170(6Pt 1):2436–2438. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000097160.15802.23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russinko P.J., Siddiq F.M., Tackett L.D., Caldamone A.A. Prescrotal orchiopexy: an alternative surgical approach for the palpable undescended testis // J Urol. 2003. Vol. 170, No. 6. Pt. 1. P. 2436–2438. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000097160.15802.23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajimwale A, Brant WO, Koyle MA. High scrotal (Bianchi) single-incision orchidopexy: a “tailored” approach to the palpable undescended testis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20(8):618–622. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-004-1243-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajimwale A., Brant W.O., Koyle M.A. High scrotal (Bianchi) single-incision orchidopexy: a “tailored” approach to the palpable undescended testis // Pediatr Surg Int. 2004. Vol. 20, No. 8. P. 618–622. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-004-1243-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordon M, Cervellione RM, Morabito A, Bianchi A. 20 years of transcrotal orchidopexy for undescended testis: results and outcomes. J Pediatr Urol. 2010;6(5):506–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2009.10.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordon M., Cervellione R.M., Morabito A., Bianchi A. 20 years of transcrotal orchidopexy for undescended testis: results and outcomes // J Pediatr Urol. 2010. Vol. 6, No. 5. P. 506–512. DOI:10.1016/j.jpurol.2009.10.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eltayeb AA. Single high scrotal incision orchidopexy for unilateral palpable testis: a randomised controlled study. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2014;11(2):143–146. DOI: 10.4103/0189-6725.132808</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eltayeb A.A. Single high scrotal incision orchidopexy for unilateral palpable testis: a randomised controlled study // Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2014. Vol. 11, No. 2. P. 143–146. DOI: 10.4103/0189-6725.132808</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cuda SP, Srinivasan AK, Kalisvaart J, Kirsch AJ. Evolution of single practice trends in the surgical approach to the undescended testicle. J Urol. 2011;185(6):2451–2454. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.01.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cuda S.P., Srinivasan A.K., Kalisvaart J., Kirsch A.J. Evolution of single practice trends in the surgical approach to the undescended testicle // J Urol. 2011. Vol. 185, No. 6. P. 2451–2454. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2011.01.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jawad AJ. High scrotal orchidopexy for palpable maldescended testes. Br J Urol. 1997;80(2):331–333. DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1997.00256.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jawad A.J. High scrotal orchidopexy for palpable maldescended testes // Br J Urol. 1997. Vol. 80, No. 2. P. 331–333. DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1997.00256.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaldenko OA, Orlov VM, Sizonov VV, Kogan MI. Evaluation of testicular volume following Bianchi – Shoemaker orchidopexy. Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2017;21(2):89–92. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18821/1560-9510-2017-21-2-89-92</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шалденко О.А., Орлов В.М., Сизонов В.В., Коган М.И. Оценка тестикулярного объема после орхидопексии по Бьянки и Шемакеру // Детская хирургия. 2017. Т. 21, № 2. C. 89–91. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9510-2017-21-2-89-92</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takahashi M, Kurokawa Y, Nakanishi R, et al. Low transscrotal orchidopexy is a safe and effective approach for undescended testes distal to the external inguinal ring. Urol Int. 2009;82(1):92–96. DOI: 10.1159/000176033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takahashi M., Kurokawa Y., Nakanishi R., et al. Low transscrotal orchidopexy is a safe and effective approach for undescended testes distal to the external inguinal ring // Urol Int. 2009. Vol. 82, No. 1. P. 92–96. DOI: 10.1159/000176033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cloutier J, Moore K, Nadeau G, Bolduc S. Modified scrotal (Bianchi) mid raphe single incision orchiopexy for low palpable undescended testis: early outcomes. J Urol. 2011;185(3):1088–1092. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.10.039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cloutier J., Moore K., Nadeau G., Bolduc S. Modified scrotal (Bianchi) mid raphe single incision orchiopexy for low palpable undescended testis: early outcomes // J Urol. 2011. Vol. 185, No. 3. P. 1088–1092. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.10.039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neheman A, Levitt M, Steiner Z. A tailored surgical approach to the palpable undescended testis. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(1):59.e1–59.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.08.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neheman A., Levitt M., Steiner Z. A tailored surgical approach to the palpable undescended testis // J Pediatr Urol. 2019. Vol. 15, No. 1. P. 59.e1–59.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.08.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee HR, Lee YS, Kim HS, et al. A comparison between single scrotal incision orchiopexy and the inguinal approach in patients with palpable undescended testes distal to the external inguinal ring. Korean J Urol. 2009;50(11):1133–1137. DOI: 10.4111/KJU.2009.50.11.1133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee H.R., Lee Y.S., Kim H.S., et al. A comparison between single scrotal incision orchiopexy and the inguinal approach in patients with palpable undescended testes distal to the external inguinal ring // Korean J Urol. 2009. Vol. 50, No. 11. P. 1133–1137. DOI: 10.4111/KJU.2009.50.11.1133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben Dhaou M, Zouari M, Zitouni H, et al. Comparison of the inguinal and scrotal approaches for the treatment of cryptorchidism in children. Prog Urol. 2015;25(10):598–602. (In French.) DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2015.05.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben Dhaou M., Zouari M., Zitouni H., et al. Traitement chirurgical de la cryptorchidie chez l’enfant: comparaison des voies d’abord scrotale (Bianchi) et inguinale // Prog Urol. 2015. Vol. 25, No. 10. P. 598–602. DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2015.05.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandhi J, Dagur G, Sheynkin YR, et al. Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management. Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(6):927–934. DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.11.05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gandhi J., Dagur G., Sheynkin Y.R., et al. Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management // Transl Androl Urol. 2016. Vol. 5, No. 6. P. 927–934. DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.11.05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
