<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4061</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6554</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1012</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/psaic1012</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Lectures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Лекции</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Glutamine solution in the parenteral nutrition for children with critical conditions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Раствор глутамина в парентеральном питании детей в критических состояниях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Erpuleva</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерпулева</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>dgkb9@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детская городская клиническая больница № 9 им. Г.Н. Сперанского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>555</fpage><lpage>560</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-10-21"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-12-06"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Erpuleva Y.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Ерпулева Ю.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Erpuleva Y.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ерпулева Ю.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1012">https://rps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1012</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Nutritional support for children with critical conditions is currently considered as the most important factor in the complex of therapy, which can prevent catabolism and risk of postoperative complications. Underestimation of the nutritional factor can lead to poor outcomes, such as a decrease in immunological resistance and the occurrence of postoperative complications.</p> <p>Acute trauma in critically ill patients is characterized by metabolic and systemic responses, including an immune-inflammatory response that leads to immunosuppression and nosocomial infections. Parenteral nutrition is prescribed for patients in the intensive care unit who cannot be fed naturally to provide protein and energy substrates because of impaired homeostasis. The active use of arginine, glutamine, and omega-3 fatty acids is mainly indicated for patients with injuries and burns. Moreover, the discussion about the use of immune nutrition (arginine, glutamine, and omega-3 fatty acids) continues given the need for active use in intensive care. The article provides a review of the literature on the use of glutamine solution in parenteral nutrition for children. The article discusses modern approaches to prescribing parenteral nutrition with the additional use of glutamine solution, which has beneficial effects on the child’s body — increases the absorption function of the intestine, increases the thickness of the intestinal mucosa, helps maintain the morphological integrity of the intestine, and reduces intestinal permeability. Recent meta-analyses have shown the effect of glutamine-rich diets especially in patients with critical conditions. The addition of glutamine improves cellular processes and functioning of organs and systems. This leads to an improvement in immune competence, barrier function, and cessation of the inflammatory process. It is also a substrate for the formation of nitrite oxide and improves the formation of adenosine triphosphate in cells. Glutamine is an energy substrate for proliferative cells, including lymphocytes. In general, glutamine has a positive effect on many organs and systems, including the gastrointestinal systems, kidneys, lungs, heart, and liver. Immune nutrition has an anti-inflammatory effect, which helps prevent the development of acute phase response. In addition, it restores the indicators of protein metabolism in the early stages of parenteral nutrition. Therefore, the use of glutamine solution in total or complementary parenteral nutrition programs can optimize the quality of treatment for children.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Нутритивная поддержка детей в критических состояниях в настоящее время рассматривается как важнейший фактор в комплексной терапии, который способен предотвратить катаболическую направленность метаболизма и риск развития послеоперационных осложнений. Недооценка фактора питания способна привести к печальным последствиям — уменьшению иммунологической устойчивости и присоединению послеоперационных осложнений.</p> <p>Острая травма у критических пациентов характеризуется метаболическими и системными реакциями, включая иммуновоспалительный ответ, который приводит к иммуносупресии, и как следствие — к нозокоминальным инфекциям. Пациентам, находящимся в отделении интенсивной терапии, которым невозможно провести питание естественным путем, назначается парентеральное питание с целью обеспечения белковыми и энергетическими субстратами на фоне измененного гомеостаза. Активное использование аргинина, глутамина, омега-3 жирных кислот в основном показаны пациентам с травмами и ожогами. В то же время дискуссия об использовании иммунопитания (аргинин, глутамин, омега-3 жирные кислоты) продолжается относительно необходимости активного использования в условиях интенсивной терапии.</p> <p>Статья представляет собой обзор литературы по использованию раствора глутамина в парентеральном питании у детей в критических состояниях. В статье рассмотрены современные подходы к назначению парентерального питания с дополнительным использованием раствора глутамина. В программе парентерального питания глутамин оказывает благоприятные эффекты на организм ребенка — повышает абсорбционную функцию кишечника, приводит к увеличению толщины слизистой оболочки кишечника, способствует поддержанию морфологической целостности кишечника и снижает кишечную проницаемость. Метаанализы последнего десятилетия показали эффект от использования парентерального питания, обогащенного глутамином, особенно у пациентов в критических состояниях. Добавление глутамина улучшает клеточные процессы, а также работу органов и систем. Это приводит к улучшению иммунной компетенции, улучшается барьерная функция, купируется воспалительный процесс, улучшается образование адениозинтрифосфата в клетках. Отмечено, что глутамин имеет положительный эффект на многие органы и системы, включая гастроинтестинальную систему, почки, легкие, сердце и печень.</p> <p>Иммунопитание обладает противоспалительным эффектом, предотвращает развитие ответа острой фазы. Помимо этого, восстанавливает показатели белкового обмена в ранние сроки от начала назначения парентерального питания. Использование раствора глутамина в программах парентерального питания позволяет оптимизировать качество лечения детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glutamine</kwd><kwd>parenteral nutrition</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>critical care</kwd><kwd>extremely low body weight</kwd><kwd>intensive care</kwd><kwd>surgery operations</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глутамин</kwd><kwd>парентеральное питание</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>критические состояния</kwd><kwd>экстремально низкая масса тела</kwd><kwd>интенсивная терапия</kwd><kwd>хирургические операции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Статья создана при финансовой поддержке фирмы Fresenius Kabi Russia</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This article was created with the financial support of Fresenius Kabi Russia</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erpuleva YuV, Kucherov YuI, Adleiba SR. Glutamine solution in parenteral nutrition in patients with surgical pathology. Russian journal of pediatric surgery, anesthesia and intensive care. 2018;8(3):60–66. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.30946/2219-4061-2018-8-3-60-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерпулева Ю.В., Кучеров Ю.И., Адлейба С.Р. Эффективность раствора глютамина у пациентов с хирургической патологией // Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2018. Т. 8, № 3. С. 60–66. DOI: 10.30946/2219-4061-2018-8-3-60-66</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou P, Li Y, Ma LY, Lin HC. The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):7256–7270. DOI: 10.3390/nu7095334</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou P., Li Y., Ma L.Y., Lin H.C. The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants // Nutrients. 2015. Vol. 7. No. 9. P. 7256–7270. DOI: 10.3390/nu7095334</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bober-Olesińska K, Kornacka MK. Effects of glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, nosocomial sepsis and length of hospital stay in very low birth weight infants. Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2005;9(3-1):325–333. (In Polish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bober-Olesińska K., Kornacka M.K. Effects of glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, nosocomial sepsis and length of hospital stay in very low birth weight infants // Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2005. Vol. 9. No. 3-1. P. 325–33. (In Polish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brosnan JT. Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation. J Nutr. 2003;133(6-1):2068S–2072S. DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.6.2068S</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brosnan J.T. Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation// J Nutr. 2003. Vol. 133. No. 6-1. P. 2068S–2072S. DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.6.2068S</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mok E, Hankard R. Glutamine supplementation in sick children: is it beneficial? J Nutr Metab. 2011;61(5):97–148. DOI: 10.1155/2011/617597</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mok E., Hankard R. Glutamine supplementation in sick children: is it beneficial? // J Nutr Metab. 2011. Vol. 61. No. 5. P. 97–148. DOI: 10.1155/2011/617597</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poindexter BB, Ehrenkranz RA, Stoll BJ, et al. Parenteral glutamine supplementation does not reduce the risk of mortality or late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):1209–1215. DOI: 10.1542/peds.113.5.1209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poindexter B.B., Ehrenkranz R.A., Stoll B.J., et al. Parenteral glutamine supplementation does not reduce the risk of mortality or late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth weight infants // Pediatrics. 2004. Vol. 113. No. 5. P. 1209–1215. DOI: 10.1542/peds.113.5.1209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lacey JM, Crouch JB, Benfell K, et al. The effects of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition in premature infants. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1996;20(1):74–80. DOI: 10.1177/014860719602000174</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lacey J.M., Crouch J.B., Benfell K., et al. The effects of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition in premature infants// JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1996. Vol. 20. No. 1. P. 74–80. DOI: 10.1177/014860719602000174</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moe-Byrne T, Brown JV, McGuire W. Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4(4):CD001457. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001457</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moe-Byrne T., Brown J.V., McGuire W. Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. Vol. 4. No. 4. ID CD001457. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001457</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Shimi MS, Awad HA, Abdelwahed MA, et al. Enteral L-Arginine and Glutamine Supplementation for Prevention of NEC in Preterm Neonates. Int J Pediatr. 2015;2015:856091. DOI: 10.1155/2015/856091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Shimi M.S., Awad H.A., Abdelwahed M.A., et al. Enteral L-Arginine and Glutamine Supplementation for Prevention of NEC in Preterm Neonates // Int J Pediatr. 2015. Vol. 2015. ID 856091. DOI: 10.1155/2015/856091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lekmanov AU, Erpuleva YuV, Zolkina IV, Rossaus PA. Study of glutamine solution use efficiency in pediatric patients with heavy thermic burns and concomitant injuries in the intensive care unit. Russian Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2013;(1):49–50. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лекманов А.У., Ерпулева Ю.В., Золкина И.В., Россаус П.А. Эффективность использования раствора глутамина у детей с тяжелой ожоговой и сочетанной травмой в отделении интенсивной терапии // Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2013. № 1. С. 49–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erpuleva YuV. Amino acids and microelements in parenteral nutrition in children. Lechashchij vrach. 2013;(3):51–54. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерпулева Ю.В. Аминокислоты и микроэлементы в парентеральном питании у детей // Лечащий врач. 2013. № 3. С. 51–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kieft H, Roos AN, van Drunen JD, et al. Clinical outcome of immunonutrition in a heterogeneous intensive care population. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(4):524–532. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2564-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kieft H., Roos A.N., van Drunen J.D., et al. Clinical outcome of immunonutrition in a heterogeneous intensive care population // Intensive Care Med. 2005. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 524–532. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2564-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van den Berg A, Fetter WPF, Westerbeek EAM, et al. The effect of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability in very-low-birth-weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. JPEN. 2006;30(5):408–414. DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030005408</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van den Berg A., Fetter W.P.F., Westerbeek E.A.M., et al. The effect of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability in very-low-birth-weight infants: a randomized controlled trial // JPEN. 2006. Vol. 30. No. 5. P. 408–414. DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030005408</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Briassouli E, Briassoulis G. Glutamine randomized studies in early life: the unsolved riddle of experimental and clinical studies. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:1110–1117. DOI: 10.1155/2012/749189</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Briassouli E., Briassoulis G. Glutamine randomized studies in early life: the unsolved riddle of experimental and clinical studies // Clin Dev Immunol. 2012. Vol. 2012. P. 1110–1117. DOI: 10.1155/2012/749189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holecek M. Side effects of long-term glutamine supplementation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013;37(5):607–616. DOI: 10.1155/2015/856091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holecek M. Side effects of long-term glutamine supplementation // JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013. Vol. 37. No. 5. P. 607–616. DOI: 10.1155/2015/856091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Griffiths RD, Allen KD, Andrews FJ, Jones C. Infection, multiple organ failure, and survival in the intensive care unit: influence of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on acquired infection. Nutrition. 2002;18(7-8):546–552. DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00817-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Griffiths R.D., Allen K.D., Andrews F.J., Jones C. Infection, multiple organ failure, and survival in the intensive care unit: influence of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on acquired infection // Nutrition. 2002. Vol. 18. No. 7-8. P. 546–552. DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00817-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
